Neurotechnology, Robotics and Consciousness Disorders Sample Clauses

Neurotechnology, Robotics and Consciousness Disorders. Over the last few years, neurotechnological tools and methods have been developed to assess residual consciousness in patients with DOC. Notably, the identification of activated brain areas and the real time observation of cerebral activity could potentially allow for a new form of technology-based communication, i.e. through neuroimaging or Brain- Computer Interfaces (BCI). This would entail communication be in the absence of observable external behaviour or speech, thus going beyond the behavioural manifestation of awareness. This kind of communication, which we call "cerebral communication", raises epistemological, ethical and metaphysical issues. WP12.2 has explored several of these in a series of articles [6,7], one co-authored with SP3, on how to understand the relationship between brain activity, the target of neuroimaging, and mind-reading [8]. In view of the compensatory nature of brain functioning, WP12.2 also explored what kind of consciousness disorder of consciousness (DOC) patients could retain. Finally, as these analyses develop, WP12.2 has begun exploring how to assess the capacity of DOC patients to make an appropriate, informed decision. WP12.2 has scrutinised the numerous ethical issues raised by the neurotechnological assessment of residual consciousness in DOC patients. These include how to assess residual capacity of self-determination; whether, and to what extent, a prospective cerebral communication may be valid for informed consent; and whether the prospect of direct communication with DOC patients via neurotechnology requires clinical management, and the role of legal guardians, to be revised. The role of brain simulation in studies of consciousness, and in communication with patients, is still at the proof of concept stage. However, the theoretical possibility of its application, and empirical results achieved thus far strongly urge continued reflection on its possible clinical use and the ethical issues it may raise. To illustrate, cerebral communication with these patients raises important theoretical as well as practical issues, such as the patient's effective ability to understand and process information and integrate the information provided so as to be able to make a coherent personal decision. Also, the diagnosis of DOCs is affected by an astonishingly high rate of error, estimated as around 40%. The use of technology, including simulation, to assess covert awareness gives us a new possibility for rightly diagnosing DOCs. ...
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