Surface energy balance Sample Clauses

Surface energy balance. The urban heat island is the result of the energy balance of the city-atmosphere system (Xxxxxxx et al., 2008). The energy interchanged between the surface and the atmosphere is quantified following Oke (1987), as Q* + QF = QLE + QH + Qs + QA The flux densities of net all-wave radiation (Q*) is given in the model by the sum of the net long-wave and short-wave radiation at the surface, the sensible heat (QH) and the latent heat (QLE) fluxes. The anthropogenic flux (QF) is a constant (40 Wm-2) extracted from the LUCY model (Xxxxx et al., 2010). It is assumed that the below roof advection divergence ( QA) is negligible (Oke, 1987). The storage heat flux ( Qs) is significant in urban areas given the materials and morphology of the urban surface (Xxxxxxxx and Oke, 1999) but consideration must be given to the vicinity of the sea and the complexity of the topography. In the urban models one of the options to obtain the Qs is through residual of the energy balance equation (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2009). The criterion yields positive values when the surface is communicating heat to the atmosphere. The analysis of the surface energy balance is performed during the 5th of July 2009. By comparing the suburban (coastal and hinterland) and urban results, it is possible to assess the impact of urbanization upon the energy balance (Figure 9). The maximum net-radiation heat flux (Q*) occurs at 15 UTC, and it is offset by a loss at the three sites during the night. During the daytime, the net radiation input is larger in the suburban coastal site (maximum of 876 Wm-2) than in the urban site (725 Wm-2 as maximum). This fact is explained based on the water properties: the sea reflects more radiation to 900 700 500 300 100 -100 0 3 6 9 12 Time (UTC) 15 18 21 24 qt shf lhf R 900 700 500 300 100 -100 0 3 6 9 12 Time (UTC) 15 18 21 24 qt shf lhf R Fluxes at suburban site (W/m 2) Fluxes at urban site (W/m2) the atmosphere than the vegetated or non-vegetated soils and the heat capacity takes more energy input comparing with most other natural materials (Oke, 1987). At the sub-urban hinterland the lowest value (600 Wm-2) of the net radiation appears comparable with the other sites. It could be explained due to its emplacement: between the two mountains in the narrowest area of the valley and due to the lesser sensible heat fluxes. 900 700 500 300 100 -100 0 3 6 9 12 Time (UTC) 15 18 21 24 Qt shf lhf R Fluxes at Coastal site (W/m2) Figure 9. Components of the surface energy balance for the...
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