Synchronization Sequences and Random Access in Higher Frequencies Sample Clauses

Synchronization Sequences and Random Access in Higher Frequencies. As described before, beamforming will further increase the challenges of initial access in general. Using multiple antenna elements to beamform, i.e., concentrate the signal energy in a specific direction, is the standard way to combat high pathloss in the mmWave frequencies and hence extend coverage. However, even with BF, due to low penetration of the signal in these high frequencies the mmWave link will face acute and potentially frequent shadowing. Also, mobility in any axis (x,y,z) will cause the change of the spatial signatures of two ends of the link , leading to frequent SINR drops. These two factors make up one of the basic characteristics of the mmWave channel: intermittency. In LTE-A omnidirectional transmission is considered for synchronization signal(s) and system information i.e. there is no directionality and the channel is more robust. However, considering that new AIVs should be possibly deployed in higher frequencies the following issues are expected:  We expect to have more quick drops of SINR due to channel intermittency;  Beams are expected to cover smaller areas and beam to beam handovers will be more frequent. Thus efficient synchronization and system access procedures are needed for handling the more frequent handovers and cell (re-)selections. LTE’s four-step initial access, comprises synchronization (Sync), random access (RA), connection request, and, contention resolution with the first two being the most challenging in a directional initial access procedure since:  After Sync the UE must know the mmWBS position in the angular domain in order to establish the directional link to the mmWBS if beamforming is implemented on the UE side  After RA, the mmWBS in turn must position the UE in the angular plane. The major difference of the designs presented and evaluated to the current LTE initial access procedures, as shown in Figure 4-5, are:  The two initial steps, Sync and RA, are done directionally,  Sync and RA preambles are spread across four different frequency regions to gain frequency diversity. We assume a discretized 3D angular domain of maximum size NBS- by-NUE over which the mmW-BS and UE need to scan to detect the best angle pair. NBS and NUE are the number of antenna elements on the mmW-BS and the UE, respectively. If NBS = 64 and NUE = 16, the size of the angular space is 1024 angles. Figure 4-6 shows exemplary detection delays in milliseconds for a fixed overhead of 5%. The third and fourth column show the size of ...
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