Trauma and PTSD Sample Clauses

Trauma and PTSD. There is considerable accumulated knowledge on the harmful effects of war on psychological well-being in western psychiatry (Foa et al, 2000). Yet it was only in 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) officially recognized this harmful relationship in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). Post- traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), generally speaking, is the recognition that certain violent characteristics generated in a social environment have the potential to negatively affect the psychological well-being of individuals exposed to these conditions. This official recognition was to a great extent influenced by socio-cultural and political realities in North America during and after the American-Vietnam War (xxx xxx Xxxx et al., 1996; Young, 1995). The classification “PTSD” was created to provide a response for the growing psychosocial problems of the American-Vietnam war veterans settled back in America. Their extreme effort in the war against the Vietnamese had generated psychological trauma among some of them. In general this war had not captured public support in the USA. On their return, the former soldiers found that the general public did not acknowledge their service in the war. Some veterans felt that they were marginalized and alienated from society. In this regard PTSD represented a way out, since it acknowledged their suffering and “it offered a legitimated victimhood, moral exculpation, and a disability pension through a doctor-attested sick role” (Summerfield, 1999: 1450). Since the official recognition and adoption of PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 1980) as a specific category of mental disorder, the study of PTSD has attracted a vast number of psychiatrists, psychotherapists and researchers to develop consistent knowledge grounded in medical-based-evidence in order to demonstrate how significant, sensitive and applicable it can be at the individual level (Xxxxxx, 1992; xxx xxx Xxxx et al., 1996). The first PTSD conceptualisation appeared in the DSM-III (APA, 1980). It was subsequently revised, and the initial definition regarding the events that can lead to PTSD was broadened and included in the DSM-IV (XxXxxxxxx & xx Xxxxxxxx, 1996). In the DSM-IV, PTSD refers to “the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious in...
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