Verbal suggestions of symptoms Sample Clauses

Verbal suggestions of symptoms. Twenty one studies manipulated suggestions about what symptoms to expect from an inert exposure (see Table 2-8). Thirteen found a significant effect, with 11 of these being of higher quality, broadly supporting a link with nocebo effects. Out of the 21 studies, eight reported no significant main effects (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2006; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxxxxxxx, Polivy, & Xxxxxx, 1989; Xxxx & Xxxxxx, 2014; Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 1981; Xxxxxx et al., 2002; Xxxxxxx et al., 2003; Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2013). For the remaining 13 studies, Xxxxxxxxx et al. (1997), Xxxx et al. (2009), Xxxxxxxx, Dodd, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, and Xxxxxx (2014) and Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx (1981) found significantly higher symptoms scores for those warned about side effects compared to those not warned after administration of sham treatment, infrasound and ultrasonic noise respectively. Xxxxxx (1999), Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx (2014) and Put et al. (2004) found that participants’ symptoms were significantly consistent with the warning they received about an odour, sham sleep medication and sham inhaler respectively. Three studies demonstrated that participants experienced significantly more symptoms when informed about side effects to a sham drug (Xxxxxxx et al., 1979; Xxxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxx et al., 2013) or saline eye drops (Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2010) compared to being informed it was a placebo. Similarly both Bayer et al. (1991) and Read and Xxxx (2014) established significantly higher symptoms scores for those informed they would receive an active compared to an inactive exposure. Xxxxxxxxx, XxXxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, and Xxxxx (2012) however found the opposite, participants not warned about the side effects experienced more and a greater severity of side effects than those warned about one or four side effects.
Sample 1
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