Brief History of the Consensus Problem Sample Clauses

Brief History of the Consensus Problem. One of the earliest publications associated directly with the consensus problem was presented in the beginning of the 1980s by Xxxxx et al. on the topic of interactive consis- tency [PSL80]. Shortly thereafter, the same set of authors went on to publish their seminal work on the Byzantine generals problem [LSP82], which is closely related to interactive con- sistency. Both works deal with the question of how a (fixed) group of participants can reach agreement upon a value or set of values, if participants are allowed to deviate arbitrarily from the prescribed protocol. Under the assumption of a relatively strong system model, they were able to show that strictly less than a third of the participants are allowed to exhibit such arbitrary behavior, if the defined properties of the problem specification are to hold. These works played a key role in stepping loose an entirely new field of research, centered around formalizing and characterizing various consensus prob- lems [Fis83]. Another seminal work on the topic of consensus is Xxxxxxx et al. [FLP85], which is referred to as the FLP impossibility result. It shows that deterministic consensus becomes impossi- ble in a completely asynchronous system, even if only a single process is allowed to fail in the crash-stop model and commu- nication between processes is reliable. The FLP impossibility result inspired research on the minimal synchrony assump- tions necessary to be able to reach consensus, leading to the definition of different models of partial synchrony [DDS87], [DLS88]. Instead of strengthening the system model and its as- sumptions, the impossibility result can also be circumvented by relaxing the problem definition, such as only requiring probabilistic guarantees for aspects, such as correctness or termination of the algorithm. In particular, the class of so called randomized consensus algorithms, pioneered by Xxx- Xx [BO83] and Xxxxx [Rab83], has received particular atten- tion. Nevertheless, at the time, the take-away from these results was that systems for reaching consensus in the presence of arbitrary, or so called Byzantine failures, while in principle fea- sible, were largely impractical for real-world scenarios [CL02] due to the overhead incurred in additional communication and computation complexity. It would take over a decade until publications such as “Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance“ (PBFT) from Xxxxxx and Liskov [CL+99] showed that so called Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) consens...
Sample 1Sample 2
AutoNDA by SimpleDocs

Related to Brief History of the Consensus Problem

  • Professional Learning A. School-based Professional Learning

  • Appropriate Technical and Organizational Measures SAP has implemented and will apply the technical and organizational measures set forth in Appendix 2. Customer has reviewed such measures and agrees that as to the Cloud Service selected by Customer in the Order Form the measures are appropriate taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation, nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing of Personal Data.

  • Professional Development; Adverse Consequences of School Exclusion; Student Behavior The Board President or Superintendent, or their designees, will make reasonable efforts to provide ongoing professional development to Board members about the adverse consequences of school exclusion and justice-system involvement, effective classroom management strategies, culturally responsive discipline, appropriate and available supportive services for the promotion of student attendance and engagement, and developmentally appropriate disciplinary methods that promote positive and healthy school climates, i.e., Senate Bill 100 training topics. Board Self-Evaluation The Board will conduct periodic self-evaluations with the goal of continuous improvement. New Board Member Orientation The orientation process for newly elected or appointed Board members includes:

  • Complaints and Feedback 15.3.1 The primary responsibility for receiving feedback and investigating complaints promptly and thoroughly in respect of the Services will rest with the Provider. The Provider will have procedures in place including but not limited to a complaints framework, which are acceptable to the Department, to gather and act upon feedback and complaints from Learners and/or their representatives and employers and the wider community. The Provider must also keep a log of the complaints received which will be accessible to the Department upon request.

  • INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION 8.1 You are entitled, under the Data Protection Xxx 0000 to inspect personal information held on you in our housing files. We will provide photocopies of this information on request. We may make a charge of up to £10 for this. We will provide you with a copy of any such information we hold within forty days of your request in writing. You may have other rights under that Act in relation to your personal data, which we will honour. You are entitled to check information you have provided in connection with your housing application free of charge.

  • Continuing Professional Development The Official Agency shall provide appropriate training for staff performing official controls, enabling them to undertake their duties competently and to carry out official controls in a consistent manner, as per legislative requirements. The Official Agency shall identify training needs for staff performing official controls and ensure that staff carrying out official controls are kept up to date in their area of competence and develop specialised expertise, in partnership with the Authority and other Local Authorities. While the provision of training is the primary responsibility of the Official Agency, the Authority may provide training interventions where the Official Agency has highlighted areas where training is required. The Authority will endeavour to facilitate networking and collaboration with other Official Agencies to assist in improving knowledge in such areas. The Authority will provide e-learning resources and training for official control staff so as to promote a consistent understanding and application of new legislation, guidance or procedures, as appropriate. The Official Agency shall support participants in using e-learning resources, disseminating knowledge or skills acquired and encourage the application of learning gained through the Authority’s training in official control activities. The Official Agency shall ensure that contractors used in the performance of the Service Contract provide evidence of Continuous Professional Development and Compliance with this section. Where staff from the Official Agency need to travel outside the Official Agency functional area to attend training courses/meetings, this shall be facilitated by the Official Agency. The Official Agency in partnership with the Authority shall develop and implement training programmes for all staff engaged in the performance of the Service Contract. Where staff have participated in Better Training for Safer Food (BTSF) the training content shall be disseminated to relevant staff/contractors in the Official Agency and other local authorities in partnership with the Authority.

  • Information and Services Required of the Owner § 3.1.1 The Owner shall provide information with reasonable promptness, regarding requirements for and limitations on the Project, including a written program which shall set forth the Owner’s objectives, constraints, and criteria, including schedule, space requirements and relationships, flexibility and expandability, special equipment, systems, sustainability and site requirements.

  • Problems To try to resolve fairly any problems, grievances and difficulties you may have while you volunteer with us. • In the event of an unresolved problem, to offer an opportunity to discuss the issues in accordance with the procedures set out in the Volunteer Involvement Policy.

  • Professional Development and Training 4.1 The purpose of professional development and training requirements for interpreters is to maintain the skill levels interpreters possess at the time they pass their interpreter certification examination, and to further enhance their skills and knowledge. Both the State and the Union encourage interpreters to complete training and continuing education activities.

  • Labor-Management Cooperation When an Appointing Authority initiates a planning process or management study which is anticipated to result in layoff, the Appointing Authority will meet and confer with the Local Union during the decision planning phase and again during the implementation planning phase. The Appointing Authority and the Local Union shall enter into negotiations regarding a Memoranda of Understanding upon request of either party to modify this Agreement regarding the implementation plans which shall include, but are not limited to, the following: • Length of layoff notice; • Job and retraining opportunities; • Alternative placement methods; • Early retirement options pursuant to M.S. 43A.24, Subd. 2(i); • Bumping/vacancy options for part-time employees to preserve their insurance eligibility or contribution; and • Other methods of mitigating layoff or their effect on employees.

Time is Money Join Law Insider Premium to draft better contracts faster.