Characteristics of Automotive Embedded Systems Sample Clauses

Characteristics of Automotive Embedded Systems. Automotive embedded systems have evolved enormously over the past decades. For example, the first commercial anti-brake locking system (ABS) of Bosch was introduced by Mercedes in 1978. The ABS system improves the braking performance and is today a standard feature in the automotive industry. The system was first presented in 1970 but at that time the available electronics could not cope with the ABS requirements delaying the commercial introduction by 8 years. To further illustrate the dramatic introduction of computer based embedded control, consider the fact that a Mercedes car in 1986 contained six microprocessors; these were implemented as six stand-alone controllers (in the automotive industry these are referred to as ECUs, standing for Electronic Control Unit). In 1998 a corresponding Mercedes car contained some 60 microprocessor systems, together forming a distributed system including four networks (not to mention in addition some 113 electrical motors!). In Engine Management Systems µCs has been used to control the engine purely by electronics. This was the first by-Wire system, which also triggered Safety topics. To clarify those topics the E- GAS Arbeitskreis has been founded in (~1997). Members of the E-GAS AK are German OEMs and some Suppliers. Time table: • 1986: Electronic Diesel Control BMW 524td • 1994: SOP of the ETC70 system for BMW 850i 12 cylinder V engine • 1996: electronic throttle control integrated in one ECU together with EMS at GM • 1999: Engine management systems for VW and Audi with predecessor of torque structure • 1999: Torque Structure at Daimler The torque structure is also important from architectural view: It was one layer performing an overall coordination to do a consistent actuator control, here the throttle, injection and ignition. The torque structure was mandatory to provide an (external) torque interface, which is used for TCS, EDS, and ESC. The introduction of computer based embedded control has been driven both from the technical viewpoint, that of improving performance or introducing entirely new functions, and by market demands. At the same time the costs for development of electronics of which the vast part is software development increases dramatically, and today it is reaching about 40% of total costs with a tendency for further increase. A typical example of an automotive embedded system is shown in Fig. 1, illustrating the electronic architecture of the Volvo XC90. The boxes in the figure represent Electro...
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