Future adaptation costs. No comprehensive adaptation cost analysis has been undertaken for London and there is no specific budget line allocated for London climate change adaptation measures within the city’s budget. However, there have been some attempts to evaluate the adaptation costs to climate change, particularly with regard to flooding. The GLA (2009c) emphasises the importance of adaptation measures by suggesting new trees for shade, green roofs for substations; and source heating pumps as well as equipping the Underground with sustainable adaptation measures. The Local Transport Act 2008 placed new duties on Local Transport Authorities to regard the government’s adaptation policies and encourage them to improve climate change resilience measures for flooding and deterioration of roads (The Local Transport Act, 2008). The Environment Agency’s Thames Estuary 2100 Plan (2012) is a comprehensive plan to secure the city from tidal flooding (Environment Agency, 2012). The Plan was the first attempt to estimate tidal flood risk and to set out a proactive management plan for long- term future flood risk (Environment Agency, 2012). The Environment Agency estimated the adaptation costs at GBP 1.5bn (EUR 1.8bn) over the first 25 years, and a further GBP 1.8bn (EUR 2.2bn) over the following 15 years (Environment Agency, 2012). The costs cover major renewals and replacement of the Thames tidal defences and floodplain management. The Drain London Forum has developed a surface water management plan for each London Borough as well as a London wide overview (GLA, 2011b). Drain London is the key agency responsible for London’s drainage and is seeking to improve the surface water drainage networks and reduce the risk of surface water flooding by identifying the areas with the greatest risk of flooding and planning improvements to the current sewage system (LCCP, 2005; GLA, 2013). At the national level, the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 was passed in response to the summer 2007 flooding (Loudiyi, 2010). It defines responsibilities for managing surface water flood risk, giving DEFRA the overall national responsibility on flood and coastal erosion risk management and provides funds through grants to the Environment Agency and local authorities. The Pitt Review (2008) gives an indication of the costs of flood defences implemented in response to surface flooding. The Government spent about GBP 600m (EUR 815m) on flood and coastal erosion risk management in the year 2007-2008 (The Pitt Revi...
Future adaptation costs. Hyderabad has no specific climate change adaptation plan. The University of Hyderabad has raised the profile of climate change and its impact on water resources at the national level (Reachout Hyderabad, 2010). Adaptation measures in Hyderabad are aimed at current climate impacts and development challenges, such as those underpinning the strategy in the GHMC City Development Plan published in 2005.
