Gene-environment interaction Sample Clauses

Gene-environment interaction. Gene-environment interactions (GxE) could predispose to the development of ED and adverse experiences may trigger this interaction. It has been suggested that adverse experiences influence brain development and increase the risk for AN (Treasure et al., 2010). Particular parenting styles which are high in overprotection increase susceptibility to AN (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010). Childhood adversity, including exposure to parental depression and substance and alcohol abuse, appears to increase the risk of developing BN (Fairburn, Welch, Doll, Davies, & X'Xxxxxx, 1997). Early adversity appears to increase the risk for developing an ED, although the mechanism is not entirely understood. Alterations to the neuroendocrine system could be a pathway by which early adversity confers risk for ED. Early adversity may alter the developing oxytocin system (Kumsta & Xxxxxxxxx, 2013). For example, people with AN have been shown to have lower levels of nocturnal serum oxytocin (Xxxxxx et al., 2011) and cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin are low during the starvation phase of AN (Chiodera et al., 1991; Demitrack et al., 1990). A review summarised the evidence for altered oxytocin functioning in AN (Xxxxxxx, O'Dell, Touyz, & Xxxxxxx, 2013). Early adversity may underlie risk for ED, through changes to the oxytocin system.
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