Household Water Treatment Sample Clauses

Household Water Treatment. Point of use (POU) household water treatment (HWT) and specifically household water chlorination (HWC) has been promoted in many developing countries, including Haiti, as a safe strategy to improve drinking water quality. It has been shown to reduce the risk of diarrhea in children under five by 29% to 40% (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 0000; Clasen, Schmidt, Rabie, Roberts, & Cairncross, 2007). However, skepticism remains as to whether household water chlorination should be promoted in developing country settings as a diarrhea reduction strategy. Lack of an unbiased outcome measure (currently most HWT studies rely on self-reported diarrheal disease) and the difficulty and expense of implementing rigorous scientific research methodology such as randomized control trials in HWT interventions limit the ability to show long-term health effects of HWT interventions. Several meta-analyses of HWT found a lack of evidence of sustained health benefits for disinfection-only methods such as chlorination, and some researchers caution against its scale-up until further rigorous evidence has determined it to be effective in developing countries (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2007; Hunter, 2009; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxxxx, 2009). . Despite this criticism, POU household water chlorination (HWC) is used in about 6% of low to medium income households worldwide with the highest prevalence in the Caribbean and South America at 17% (Xxxx & Xxxxxx, 2010) and is promoted as a component of the Safe Water System (SWS). The SWS, comprised of a sodium hypochlorite water treatment solution (often locally produced), safe storage container and behavior change communication, was developed as a water quality intervention by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in response to the South American cholera epidemic in early 1990s(Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2008). The CDC and partner organizations have implemented SWS in over 30 countries worldwide, and CDC studies have found it to reduce the incidence of diarrheal disease from 22-84% (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2008). Although chlorine by-products in drinking water slightly increase bladder and kidney cancer (1 excess case per 100,000 people who drink 2 liters of chlorinated water a day for 70 years), the risk is negligible compared to that of diarrheal disease (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2008). Furthermore, chlorine by-products in water treated with sodium hypochlorite solution are consistently below World Health Organization(WHO) guidelines for ca...
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