Diarrheal Disease Sample Clauses

Diarrheal Disease.  Do health workers assess the nutritional status of all children who present to the health facility? o Are all children who present to the health facility weighed? o Are weights plotted on an appropriate growth chart with WHO recommended growth standards for the child’s age? o Are all children assessed for the presence of anemia?  Do health workers check the vaccination status of children who present to the health facility? o Is age-appropriate vaccination provided to children who are not up-to- date? o Are all WHO recommended vaccines available at each health facility?
Sample 1
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Diarrheal Disease. (20%) Education to improve hygiene and home treatment of diarrhea using ORT; improved access to ORS and point-of-use water treatment (pending availability); promotion of handwashing stations. Immunization: (10%) Community mobilization to access EPI services. Cross-cutting: C-IMCI
Sample 1
Diarrheal Disease. DHS data indicates a diarrhea prevalence rate of 18% (during the dry season) with 4% experiencing bloody diarrhea. Statistics for the Western Region mirror the national average (18%; 4.5% for bloody diarrhea). The disease burden during the rainy season (July- September) is likely to be higher. Limited utilization of ORS (29% in the Western Region) in addition to decreases in fluid and food intake during episodes are problems that the project will address. Dehydration caused by diarrhea is a major cause of mortality among children under five years of age. According to the National Health Facility Survey (1998) regarding diarrhea case management, only 55% of clients were asked about duration; 13% about blood in the stool; and 8% checked for skin status. In the Western Region, 83% of caretakers have heard of ORS, and 63% have prepared it before, but only 29% used ORS in their child’s last episode of diarrhea.
Sample 1
Diarrheal Disease. ‌ Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of under-five deaths both in Guatemala and around the world (DHS, 2017). Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) along with zinc supplementation are WHO essential medicines used to avoid morbidity and mortality, though the MSPAS supply chain of zinc experiences frequent stockouts (Xxxx-Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2017). A facility-based surveillance system in the departments of Quetzaltenango and Santa Xxxx detected a total of 5331 diarrhea cases between November 2008 and December 2012. They identified an average incidence of 659 diarrhea cases per 10,000 persons per year (which is adjusted based on healthcare-seeking behaviors from a household survey in the area), with a much greater adjusted incidence in children under the age of five: 1584 cases per 10,000 children per year. The system managed to obtain specimen samples from 1381 (26%) of the total 5331 cases, which included specimens from 827 (60%) of the total cases in children. They found that nearly half (47%) of all specimens had bacterial, viral, or parasitic etiology (or multiple etiologies), and 55% for children under five (Xxxxxx et al., 2019). The low nutritional status of indigenous communities can often be exacerbated by the illness, particularly zinc deficiencies. This sets off a cycle that dampens the immune response that would normally meet diarrheal microbes in the first place (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010). If the exposure to enteric pathogens is frequent enough, then long-term adverse effects in the gut, commonly referred to environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), can develop. A 2018 study in rural Uganda found that unsafe drinking water was associated with EED and the related poor growth outcomes in children (Xxxxx et al, 2018). Growth stunting is frequently used as a proxy for understanding the developmental impacts of frequent diarrheal disease in children, during which there is a two-fold loss of nutrients: 1) loss of calories due to poor intestinal absorption during the bout of diarrhea; 2) expenditure of calories through the immune system to fight the infection. Frequent bouts of diarrhea exacerbate underlying undernutrition. In Guatemala from 1969 to 1997, the nutritional supplement atole, a cornmeal gruel containing high-quality protein, energy and micronutrients, was provided to pregnant women and children under the age of seven in two treatment villages, which was compared to two control villages who were provided with a low-energy drink called Fresco. Atole ...
Sample 1
Diarrheal Disease. Global Burden of Diarrheal Disease (1) The short term effects of diarrheal disease can often weaken a person by causing dehydration and exasperate any underlying nutritional deficiency, while long term effects could include diminished cognitive ability and possible contribution to chronic health issues.(2, 3) Consequently, diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age, causing the death of approximately 760,000 children every year.(Reviewed in (1)) In addition to the direct effects of diarrheal disease on the child, healthcare systems, especially in developing countries, also experience the burden of this disease through clinic visits and hospitalizations.(4, 5) A study conducted in Haiti during a cholera epidemic demonstrated this effect by documenting that more than 33% of its hospitalizations from 2010-2012 were diarrheal disease related.
Sample 1
Diarrheal Disease. Diarrheal prevalence was recorded as seven-day period prevalence for all household members. Diarrheal disease was measured using the WHO definition of three or more loose stools in a 24-hour period with or without presence of blood. The primary care giver was asked to report for the child. Anthropometric data was collected using standard WHO methods. Recumbent length was measured for children under two years of age using Seca 417 measuring boards with 1mm increment. Standing height was measured for children two to five years of age using Seca 213 portable stadiometers with 1mm increment. Weight was measured for all children under five years using Seca 385 digital scales with a 20 g increment for weight below 20 kg and a 50 g increment for weight between 20 and 50 kg. Height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores were calculated based on WHO reference standards. <-2 SD classified stunting and underweight. <-3 SD classified severe stunting and severe underweight. Data for this sub-analysis is solely from round 3 of the MANTRA study. Round 3 involved data collection of anthropometric outcomes for all children under age five, while other rounds included only children under two years of age. The analysis was restricted to the intervention group, which had the sanitation intervention with the hope of capturing more heterogeneity in latrine coverage among clusters. Restricting to the intervention group allowed the intervention status to be controlled for in the analysis. Information on sanitation infrastructure was gained from survey data. Improved sanitation was defined as access to a toilet that met the JMP criteria of improved sanitation. Village level clustering of sanitation infrastructure was assessed using SaTScan version 9.4.4. SaTScan uses Kulldorf’s Bernoulli spatial scan to assess clustering over specified distances. A spatial scan statistic is a cluster detection test, which detects clusters and evaluates the statistical significance of them. This study used the spatial scan to detect clusters of areas of high sanitation coverage as well as clusters of low sanitation coverage or unimproved sanitation. A cluster is considered high if it has a trend that is higher than that outside the cluster, and is considered low sanitation coverage if it has a trend that is lower compared to outside the cluster. SaTScan gives the user the ability to define an upper limit for the percent of the population at risk, to define cluster size, and suggests using a...
Sample 1
Diarrheal Disease. Program Objectives:
Sample 1
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