International environmental agreements. Proposition 1 The non-members optimal emissions, obtained as a solution of the problem (3) assuming a linear value function, are given by enm(t) = α1 − β1 µ , ∀i ∈ I1\C1, i ρ + δ nm µ
International environmental agreements. Convention on Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted in 1992. The main objectives of this Convention are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of biodiversity resources. Biological diversity includes all plants, animals, microorganisms, the ecosystems of which they are part, and the diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems (UNCBD, 2003). Since 1991, the GEF has invested nearly USD 7.6 billion in grants and co-financing for biodiversity conservation in developing countries. The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity can provide opportunities for adaptation and is an adaptation option itself. The conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of ecosystem structure and function are important climate change adaptation strategies because genetically-diverse populations and species-rich ecosystems have a greater potential to adapt to climate change. Protected ecosystems will also provide important goods and services to communities and constitute important adaptation measures for the society. For example, the protection or restoration of mangroves can offer increased protection of coastal areas to sea level rise and extreme weather events. The rehabilitation of upland forests and wetlands can help regulate the flow in watersheds, thereby moderating floods from heavy rain and ameliorating water quality. Biodiversity resources, such as land races of common crops, resistant coral varieties, and medicinal plants can also reduce the vulnerability of key sectors including agriculture, fisheries and health. There are also adaptation activities that can threaten biodiversity either directly – through the destruction of habitats, e.g., building sea walls, thus affecting coastal ecosystems, or indirectly – through the introduction of new species or changing management practices. In recognition of the above-mentioned benefits and threats, climate change activities have been integrated within all programmes of work of the CBD with the exception of the programme of work on technology transfer. Furthermore, Parties to the CBD have called for the enhanced integration of climate change impact and response activities within the Convention. There is a clear opportunity to implement mutually beneficial activities that take advantage of the synergies between the UNFCCC and the Convention on Biological Diversity. In particular, Parties to ...
International environmental agreements. The role of foresight (Economics working papers 2002-10). School of Economics and Management, University of Aarhus. Diamantoudi, X., & Xxxxxxxxxxx, E. (2006). Stable international environmental agreements: An analytical approach. Journal of public economic theory, 8(2), 247–263. Xxxxxxxx, X. (2001). On the farsighted stability of the Kyoto Protocol (ETE working papers series, 2001-03). Energy, Transport and Environment, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Xxxx, X. (1992). International environmental conventions: The case of uniform reductions of emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 2, 141–159. Xxxxx, X. X., & Xxxxxx, B. (2005). Self-enforcing international environmental agreements with a stock pollutant. Spanish Economic Review, 7, 89–109. Xxxxx, X. X., & Xxxx, X. (2006). Self-enforcing international environmental agreements revisited.
International environmental agreements. The table of international environmental agreements from chapter 3.3 is expanded in Table 6 to include the product nomination categories of the Environmental Goods Agreement. This will allow us to see the compatibility of the multilateral environmental agreements and the EGA. The second EGA round, in september 2014, lead to agreement on ten categories for further product nominations. The categories are: Air Polution Control, Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Wastewater and Water Treatment, Environmental Remediation and Clean-up, Noise and Vibration Abatement, Cleaner and Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Environmentally Preferable Products, Reasource Efficiency and Environmental Monitoring, Analysis and Assessment (UD, 2014a, Xxxxxxx et al., 2015). The overview of the MEAs given in chapter 3.3 have been extended and simplified. To analyse the compatibility between the framework of the EGA – the categories for nominating goods – and the goals of essential environmental agreements, a new column was added to the right to match the EGA categories to the different MEAs. The full table including descriptions of the agreements’ goals can be found in Appendix D. Table 6: Combining MEAs with the EGA Categories Multilateral Environmental Agreements EGA Category Atmosphere United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 1992) Article 2 (*) Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC 2010) Article 1, Paragraph 4 Air Pollution Control Cleaner and Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Environmental Monitoring, Analysis and Assessment Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) (WSSD 2002) Paragraph 9a Energy for a Sustainable Future (AGECC 2010) Cleaner and Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) (*) WHO guidelines (WHO 2006) Air Pollution Control Environmental Monitoring, Analysis and Assessment Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) under the Vienna Convention (1985). (*) Air Pollution Control Cleaner and Renewable energy Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Land FAO World Food Summit Plan of Action (FAO 1996) Paragraph 33g Agenda 21 (UNCED 1992b) Chapter 11.12a Environmental Remediation and Clean-up Environmental Monitoring, Analysis and Assessment UN Millennium Declaration (UN 2000) MDG 1 Target 1c Resource Efficiency Environmental Remediation and Clean-up Water Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) (WSSD 2002) Paragraph 25d UN Millennium Declaration (UN 2000) Paragraph 23 Waste...
International environmental agreements. Let us describe a simple game about the abatement of environmental pollution. Players of the game are the governments of asymmetric countries sharing the environment. Let = {1, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , } denote the set of countries. We focus on certain transboundary pollutants. The benefits due to a single country’s pollution abatement are proportional to the amount of abatement, and affect all countries. The abatement cost is incurred entirely by the abating country. Let = (1, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , ) 2Examples of ancillary benefits include the case that abating greenhouse gases for climate change also contributes for protection of the ozone layer through the abatement of chlorofluorocarbons and it also contributes for the air quality through the abatement of fossil fuels. ∑ denote the vector of abatement of countries, and the payoff to country (∈ ) is () = − (), (1) ∈ where is the damage to country per unit of pollutant and 0 < 1 ≤ 2 ≤ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≤ . Cost function
