Involvement of International Actors Sample Clauses

Involvement of International Actors. 4.2.1 Powerful States and Their Interests in the Conflict In July 1993, 25 Russian border guards were killed during an offen- sive by opposition forces that took place along the border with Afgha- nistan. Moscow’s exasperation was best expressed by an irritated presi- xxxx Xxxxxxx who publically questioned Russian policy objectives until then, asking ‘Why did we not have a plan to protect this border, which everyone must understand is effectively Russia’s, not Tajikistan’s?’ (Hiro 1998, 20). It was evident that Kremlin’s strong line now regarded the Tajik-Afghan border as ‘an advanced Russian base’, even though it is 1,450 km from Russian territory, ‘that can protect Russia from the infil- tration of guns, narcotics and Islamic fundamentalism’ (Hiro 1995, 15). Already in August 1993, the new doctrine was materialized through Russian-Tajik military cooperation, which paved the road for 25,000 Russian troops to be located in Tajikistan out of which 17,000 positi- oned along the border with Afghanistan. The second step was taken in November 1993 when the Tajiki government signed a document which subordinated its finances to Russia (idem). Tajikistan remained the only newly independent country in Central Asia that continued using the Russian ruble as the only official currency. It was clear that the Tajiki government’s survival depended directly on Russian support. Officially, the Russian military maintained a neutral stand in the Tajik civil war. However, there are numerous claims that “the army supported pro-government forces with vehicles, ammunition and xxx- xxxx” (Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2001, 93). Again, officially the Russian government indicated a clear interest to maintain and develop offici- al relations only with the Tajiki government. However, from 1993, as many members of the opposition, especially those from the DPT, found refuge in Moscow, Russian officials started encouraging the parties to talk and subsequently acted as a key sponsor of the inter-Tajik negotia- tions (Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2001, 93). In order to counterbalance the asymmetric power, the Islamic-de- mocratic coalition tried to find external support in Iran. The special re- lationship between two countries mainly revolved around cultural and religious issues: Tajikistan was the only Farsi-speaking new Muslim country in Central Asia. However, despite implicit appeals to Iran, ma- nifestations of Islamic slogans - that echoed Iranian revolutionary days - were only a symbolic indicator ...
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Related to Involvement of International Actors

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