Prospective longitudinal studies Sample Clauses

Prospective longitudinal studies. As stated earlier, heritability is a hallmark in ASD (e.g., Xxxx et al., 2017). Twin studies have examined to what extent genetic and environmental factors involved in the aetiology of ASD by comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The results have indicated that ASD has considerable genetic influences whereas environmental factors are much less salient (e.g., Xxxxxxx et al., 2015; Xxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2016), which suggests there is a genetic risk for siblings of individuals with ASD. Population studies have explored the recurrence rates of ASD in at least one or more full siblings, half-siblings and cousins of proband children (Xxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxx, 2010; Xxx et al., 2017). ASD reoccurs mostly in full-siblings, moderately in half-siblings and the least in cousins (Xxx et al., 2017). Among full biological siblings, the reoccurrence rate is almost 10%, and approximately 20% of unaffected siblings represent the sub-clinical threshold of ASD traits (Xxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2010). Moreover, prospective familial risk studies have shown that the recurrence rate of ASD among 3-year-old siblings is almost 20% and a further 20% of younger siblings develop other social and communication difficulties (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, et al., 2017; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2013; Xxxxxxx et al., 2011). Hence, there is substantial evidence of genetic liability for ASD and subsequent HR of developing it among siblings of probands with ASD. Consequently, the recurrence of ASD in siblings of probands to identify early signs within a prospective longitudinal design would be a beneficial avenue for research. The prospective HR design has been shown to be feasible for following up infant siblings of ASD probands from the first year of life until the 3 years of age when a reliable and stable ASD diagnosis can be made (Xxxxx et al., 2014; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2016). The longitudinal nature of the HR design allows for testing younger siblings at various time points to understand developmental trajectories, the onset of the emerging difficulties and the effect of early abnormalities to later clinically-elevated ASD symptoms. Moreover, this design facilitates comparison of HR siblings (due to having (an) older sibling(s) with XXX) and a LR control group (due to having (an) older sibling(s) without ASD or having no history of ASD in first degree relatives), which is essential for controlling possible confounders, such as the effect of being a later-born child and to ...
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