National Culture and Organisational Culture Sample Clauses

National Culture and Organisational Culture. National culture refers to “the collective programming of the mind acquired by growing up in a particular country” (Sarala, 2010, p. 4). “It defines the ‘shoulds’ and the ‘oughts’ of life that impregnate the minds of a country’s citizens, their ‘collective programming of the mind’” (Xxxxxxxxxxx and Very, 2006, p. S34). Xxxxxxxx (1980) divided national culture into four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism and masculinity versus femininity. He also provided definitions for each dimension: power distance is the level of acceptance of unequal power in a society; uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which a nation can endure uncertainty; individualism versus collectivism is defined as the level of association between an individual and other people; masculinity versus femininity is the role distribution between men and women in a society (Hofstede, 1980). Later, Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx (1988) added a fifth dimension to Hofstede (1980)’s work, which is called ‘Confucian Dynamism’. Confucian Dynamism portrays people’s characteristics in Confucian culture: a long-term orientation underlies perseverance, thrift, ordering relationships based on status and having a sense of shame; whereas a short-term orientation emphasizes the past and the present, personal steadiness and stability, saving face, respect for tradition and reciprocation of honour (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx, 1988). National cultural difference refers to the extent to which cultural discipline is different between countries (Xxxxx and Xxxxx, 1988). Researchers have investigated the national cultural differences between Western and Eastern countries based on the five cultural dimensions developed by Xxxxxxxx. For example, Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx (1988)’s study found that power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity are the three dimensions distinguishing Western and Eastern culture. Of the dimensions, the individualism versus collectivism dimension has attracted much interest in cross-cultural studies. Many researchers argue that the difference between individualism versus collectivism is the ‘self’ (x.x. Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 1984; Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx, 1991; Xxxxxx, 1988). Western culture is characterised as individualistic with people believing that they are the unique, independent individuals in a society (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx, 1991; Xxxxxx, 1988). According to this construal of self, the person is viewed as a tightly bounded en...
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Related to National Culture and Organisational Culture

  • Technical and Organisational Measures (1) Before the commencement of processing, the Supplier shall document the execution of the necessary Technical and Organisational Measures, set out in advance of the awarding of the Order or Contract, specifically with regard to the detailed execution of the contract, and shall present these documented measures to the Client for inspection. Upon acceptance by the Client, the documented measures become the foundation of the contract. Insofar as the inspection/audit by the Client shows the need for amendments, such amendments shall be implemented by mutual agreement.

  • Organisation SFA has over two hundred full time staff reporting to the Chief Executive. He is supported directly by an executive team, each member of which has POLICY DETERMINED BY SENIOR senior management responsibility for a specific aspect of SFA's activity. PRACTICIONERS AND INDEPENDENTS SUPPORTED BY A PROFESSIOINAL Overseeing the work of the executive is the Chairman and Board of EXECUTIVE AND STAFF Directors. These are not employees of SFA but are either senior practitioners from member firms or persons independent of SFA and its firms who represent the interests of the investor. The Board delegates responsibility for the detail of policy, rulemaking and disciplinary procedures to specialist committees which are also composed of practitioners and independents. Supported by a professional staff, this combination provides for effective and flexible self-regulation. REGULAR CONTACT WITH GOVERNMENT BODIES, Public Relations 'CITY' INSTITUTIONS, PROFESSIONAL BODIES AND SFA's communication with the public, Parliament, `City' institutions, THE PRESS professional bodies and other regulators, at home and abroad, plays an important part in the process of developing confidence in SFA members' businesses and in furthering the success of the regulatory system as a whole. Accordingly SFA maintains regular contact with the press and other media. Press coverage of disciplinary action taken by SFA acts as a reassurance to the public and to the financial community that SFA is actively seeking to help promote good practice in London's markets. Further information More details are available on the various aspects of SFA's work and what it does to put the investor first. Other publications include: o Rule Book and amendment service* o Professional Dealing Handbook* o Board Notices* o Membership Directory* o Briefing, SFA's Membership newsletter o Annual Report and Accounts (with Regulatory Plan) o Complaints Bureau o Annual Report of the Complaints Commissioner o Annual Report of the Chairman of the Arbitration Panel o Consumer Arbitration Scheme o Full Arbitration Scheme Rules o Membership Application Pack** o Available by subscription ** For applicant firms (after a preliminary discussion) SFA The Securities and Futures Authority Limited Cottons Centre Cottons Lane London SE1 2QB Tel: 000 000 0000 Xxx: 000 000 0000 Xxxxxxxxed in England xxx Xxxxx Xx 1998622 Xxxxxxxxxx Office as above Fifth edition July 1994

  • Iran, Sudan and Foreign Terrorist Organizations The Dissemination Agent and the Administrator represent that neither the Dissemination Agent, the Administrator nor any parent company, wholly- or majority-owned subsidiaries, and other affiliates of the Dissemination Agent or the Administrator is a company identified on a list prepared and maintained by the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts under Section 2252.153 or Section 2270.0201, Texas Government Code, and posted on any of the following pages of such officer’s internet website: xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/purchasing/docs/sudan-list.pdf, xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/purchasing/docs/iran-list.pdf, or xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/purchasing/docs/fto-list.pdf. The foregoing representation is made solely to enable the Issuer to comply with Section 2252.152, Texas Government Code, and to the extent such Section does not contravene applicable Federal or State law and excludes the Dissemination Agent, the Administrator and each parent company, wholly- or majority-owned subsidiaries, and other affiliates of the Dissemination Agent or the Administrator, if any, that the United States government has affirmatively declared to be excluded from its federal sanctions regime relating to Sudan or Iran or any federal sanctions regime relating to a foreign terrorist organization.

  • Function of Joint Health and Safety Committee All incidents involving aggression or violence shall be brought to the attention of the Joint Health and Safety Committee. The Employer agrees that the Joint Health and Safety Committee shall concern itself with all matters relating to violence to staff.

  • International Organization Any international organization or wholly owned agency or instrumentality thereof. This category includes any intergovernmental organization (including a supranational organization) (1) that is comprised primarily of non-U.S. governments; (2) that has in effect a headquarters agreement with Singapore; and (3) the income of which does not inure to the benefit of private persons.

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  • Professional Organizations During the Term, Executive shall be reimbursed by the Company for the annual dues payable for membership in professional societies associated with subject matter related to the Company's interests. New memberships for which reimbursement will be sought shall be approved by the Company in advance.

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