Precipitation. Leachate Generation Quantities
Precipitation. Precipitation was measured using a Climatronics 100097-1-G0 tipping bucket. The manufacturer- reported accuracy is ±1% up to 5.1 cm/hr and ±5% up to 25 cm/hr.
Precipitation. Phosphorus content should be determined in bulk and wet fall (rain-containing phosphorus in dry and wet forms. Review of data collected in the fall from the October 1st through March 31st will be used to forecast volume and intensity of rainfall events throughout this monitoring period. One location for a unit to monitor wet and dry fall (use a rain gage) on a weekly- or twice- monthly basis should be adequate. The rainfall patterns measured during the proposed monitoring period will provide perspective on the amount of airborne phosphorus that might be expected to be loading into the Basin and the receiving stream (Rock Creek).
Precipitation. The main forms of precipitation include rain, snow, ice pellets, and graupel.
Precipitation. In the landslide hazard model produced for 2010 in D2.10, a monthly global dataset for the precipitation was used to estimate the expected extreme monthly precipitation (Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany). This dataset is now replaced with model results of the REMO model operated by the Xxx Xxxxxx Institute in Hamburg (Xxxxx 2001, Xxxxx et al. 2001). The model was first used in a control run to recalculate the current climate in the period 1981 to 2000. The same model was then applied to estimate the climate evolution in Europe until 2100. The model uses the A1B scenario defined by the IPCC (IPCC, 2007) and the boundary conditions for the regional model are defined by the global ECHAM5 model. Spatial resolution of the model is 25 × 25km. The model is described in detail in D3.1. The IPCC A1 scenarios are based on the assumptions of continuing and rapid economic growth, a global population that peaks in mid-century and rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. A1 is divided into three groups that describe alternative directions of technological change where (A1B) presents a balance between fossil intensive and non-fossil energy resources. To get an estimate of the extreme precipitation events, the 99.9% percentile of daily precipitation was calculated for 20 year periods from 1981-2100. This value represents the amount of daily precipitation that is exceeded every 50 years in the grid cell, and ranges from 26 mm to 1557 mm. The data are reclassified to be used in the landslide hazard model (Table 2-1) using a logarithmic classification scale. Figure 2-1 shows the development of the 99.9% percentile of precipitation in Europe for 20-year intervals from 2000 to 2100. 0.1% of all precipitation events in a 20-year period are higher than the pixel values in the maps. 0 – 60 Low 1 61 – 75 Moderate 2 76 – 95 Medium 3 96 – 120 High 4 > 120 Very high 5
Precipitation. To calculate hazard from susceptibility a trigger process is needed. In this study only precipitation as a trigger is considered. Both the normal mean and extreme precipitation events influence the triggering of landslides. Figure 3-2 shows the evolution of the 99.9% percentile of daily precipitation relative to the 2010 situation. There is a clear positive trend in the daily precipitation extremes on Iberia, central Europe and Greece. Here, precipitation of short duration and high intensity will increase, while the changes further north are much less obvious. Decreasing annual precipitation seems to lead to more extreme events. This can also be seen in the more continental areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. The model predicts very little change in other countries, for example Hungary. Also the total amount of rainfall (Figure 3-3) shows a similar trend. More rain in the north and less in the southern parts of Europe is expected from climate model results. It should be noted that this analysis is based on daily precipitation values that do not always represent intensive convective showers with only short duration such as thunder storms.
Precipitation. Work may continue up to October 31, 2020 if no rain events measuring a tenth of an inch or greater are reported by the National Weather Service Oxnard. If a rain event for a tenth of an inch or greater is forecast within 72 hours, all suction operations must stop and all equipment must be removed from the bed, bank and channel so as not to be swept into the Santa Xxxxx River.
Precipitation. Mean monthly rainfall recorded at Muzaffarabad and the numbers of rainy days are given in Table-1.The average annual rainfall of the area is about 1443 mm. The maximum rainfall occurs during the months of July, August and September, which is about 20 % of the annual rainfall. Precipitation in the study area is characterized by the monsoon season. Winter rains generally occur during the months of January, February and March. April, May, October and November are normally the months of least precipitation.
Precipitation. Many agencies collect precipitation data in the region. The major rain gauge networks are shown on the figure below and discussed below.
Precipitation. The year 1 user questionnaire identified dekadal, unbiased, 5 km rainfall as a key requirement. We have pursued precipitation enhancement through two primary activities: i) production of global 0.05° climatological surfaces and ii) the acquisition and quality control of daily quasi-real time in situ precipitation observations. The objective of this work is to create orographically enhanced 0.05° dekadal standardized precipitation indices incorporating near real time gauge observations. Pursuant to the objective the following datasets and methods have been completed:
a.1. The creation of global 0.05° Hydro 1K elevation derivatives
1. The majority of the aspects within each of the 0.05-degree pixels.
2. The majority Pfafstetter level 1 basin with each 0.05-degree pixel.
3. The maximum flow accumulation value within each pixel.
4. The mean flow accumulation value within each pixel.
5. The mean Compound Topographic Index (CTI) per pixel.
6. The mean elevation per pixel in Meters.
7. The mean slope for each pixel.
