Salinity. 9.2.7 A portable salinometer capable of measuring salinity in the range of 0 - 40 parts per thousand (ppt) should be provided for measuring salinity of the water at each monitoring location.
Salinity. The City’s SEIR identifies a concentrated brine discharge stream, but states that the environmental impacts from this discharge are not significant. However, not addressed was the use of Public Trust resources that would result from increased salinity offshore of the outfall. According to the SEIR, elevated salinity, while not environmentally significant, would affect an area from seven to 20 acres, an area that marine life is likely to avoid. The project is therefore expected to use an area of at least seven acres of sovereign tide and submerged lands, although the actual area occupied may ultimately prove different. As a consequence, Xxxxxxxx has agreed to pay annual rent, commencing with the start of the desalination operation, in the amount of $115,500 for the use of these lands, based upon the value of seven acres expected to be occupied. After two years of monitoring, if it is determined that the area is not so affected or if the area affected is different, then Poseidon may apply to the Commission for elimination or modification of that rent.
Salinity. Figure 40: Salinity in ‰ of the Norwegian Sea. Measured at "Station M" between 1948 and 2011 (xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxx.xxxx/stationm.php, 2014). The x-axis depicts calendar years. The y-axis shows water depth from 0 to 2000m. Red colour indicates increased salinities, blue colour indicates decreased salinities. Figure 40 shows the salinity in ‰ of the Norwegian Sea measured at "Station M". The x-axis depicts the years from 1948 till 2011. The y-axis indicates water depth from 0 to 2000 m. The red and orange colours indicate higher salinities around 35.1 to 35.25‰; the blue colours indicate lower salinities around 34.8 to 35.1‰. The first 300 m of the ocean are made up of warm and salty Atlantic Ocean water. This water comes from the Gulf Stream and is called the Norwegian Atlantic Current. From about 1960 to 1969 there was a period of warm and salty water in the upper water layers. In 1969 was an abrupt shift to a period with low salinity concentrations due to large amounts of fresh water. This powerful climate signal in the Atlantic Ocean was called the “Great Salt Anomaly” and lasted until 1982. It most likely started in the Greenland Sea at the end of the 1960s, reached Station M about ten years later, after following a cyclical path in the Atlantic Ocean (Cicero, 2014). There are several ideas about the reason for the “Great Salt Anomaly”. The low concentrations in salinity that were observed successively around the North Atlantic could be due to advection of a fresh water anomaly along the main ocean currents. Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx (2005) suggested that more sea ice was transported by strong northerly winds into the Greenland Sea through the Fram Strait. When the ice melted, an increasing fresh water influx occurred, which resulted in a decrease of salinity concentrations. Since 2000, the salinities at the surface layer are high again, which could be connected to a change in the major air circulation cells in the North Atlantic (Cicero, 2014).
Salinity. The salinity study will evaluate impacts and conditions resulting from the “detachment of releases from the New York City Delaware Reservoirs from the position of the salt front during drought emergency and replacing the benefit that New York City releases have with respect to the salt front with an alternative methodology or methodologies that will provide comparable protection for existing resources within the Basin” (Section IV.2 and IV.3.a.i, FFMP2017). This study will include an evaluation of the impacts to the aquatic and fishery resources, the effect of projections of sea-level rise on salinity and possible synergistic effects from various combinations of releases. Alternatives may include, but are not limited to, flow objectives, storage, and augmentation releases from the upper- and lower-basin reservoirs in conjunction with detachment of New York City releases from the position of the salt front during drought emergency. The resulting analyses and conclusions will be used to inform Decree Party negotiations for Phase II of the FFMP2017 agreement. Timeline: No later than May 2022. Deliverables: Report summarizing the benefits and drawbacks of each alternative.
Salinity. Salinity should be input using units of parts per thousand (ppt). Full chemistry is calculated from salinity and base marine chemistry. It should be noted that the BLM interface estimates full ion chemistry from salinity under the assumption that estuarine water is essentially diluted sea water with negligible ionic inputs from the freshwater source. This assumption is not valid in some cases, namely when the estuarine water’s salinity approaches that of freshwater, or when the estuary’s freshwater source has a high hardness. For example, when the freshwater input to an estuary has a hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3 and the estuarine water has a salinity of 10 ppt, the estimated ion concentrations will differ from actual by about 14% for Ca, 2% for Mg, 0.3% for Na, 1% for K, 6% for SO4, and 1% for Cl. However, a similar magnitude of departure from actual concentrations is seen at only about 25 ppt when the freshwater input has a hardness of 500 mg/L CaCO3.
