Summary of pressures ‌ Sample Clauses

Summary of pressures ‌. As Harbour Porpoise occurs throughout the European continental shelf waters, the species can be affected by a range of human activities occurring in the same waters (IAMMWG 2015, ICES WGMME 2015, IMR-NAMMCO 2019, WGMME 2019). A detailed summary of information on pressures including evidence gaps, can be found in Annex 3. The single most significant anthropogenic threat to Harbour Porpoises is bycatch in bottom-set static nets (Read et al. 2006, Xxxxxx et al. 2013, Scheidat et al. 2013, ICES Advice 2014, Xxxx-Xxxxxxx et al. 2014, van Beest et al. 2017, FAO 2018, Northridge 2018, STECF 2019, Xxxxx et al. 2021, ICES Advice 2021b, Moan and Xxxxxx 2023). The ICES Workshop on estimation of Mortality of Marine Mammals due to Bycatch (WKMOMA) in 2021 addressed the special request from OSPAR regarding the bycatch mortality in marine mammals, including Harbour Porposies in the Greater North Sea (ICES 2021). The workshop was tasked with generating bycatch rates (e.g. specimens per day at sea) and associated confidence intervals for static and towed gears (at least Métier Level 4) (Table 5), in addition to generating assessment unit and métier specific bycatch mortality estimates. Highest bycatch rates were observed in gillnet metiers, particularly those deployed from large vessels over the period 2015 to 2020 (see Table 6). Effort data from Norwegian vessels and small German vessels were not available for the assessment. Further, there was a potential bias in the dataset as for one member country, vessels with high bycatch rates were targeted for monitoring, increasing bycatch rates by a factor of up to 5 in set xxxx nets (GNS) and drift nets (GND), and 3.5 in xxxxxxx nets (GTR) (ICES Advice 2021b). For reporting under the 2023 Quality Status Report, OSPAR’s Marine Mammal Expert Group employed a quantitative interpretation of the ASCOBANS conservation objective when setting thresholds for the M6 indicator ‘Marine Mammal Bycatch’ where cetaceans are concerned ‘a population should [be able to] recover to or be maintained at 80% of carrying capacity, with 0.8 probability, within a 100-year period’3. For Harbour Porpoises in the Greater North Sea, the Removal Limit Algorithm (RLA) management framework approach was employed. This is a population model that simulates population dynamics but with a control rule that estimates the mortality limit given a series of estimates of abundance and anthropogenic mortality (relying upon mortality estimates from bycatch) and their unc...
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