TRIPS and Developing Countries Sample Clauses

TRIPS and Developing Countries. TRIPS was widely seen as the closest to a trans-national code for trade, economic and legal policy that the global community had ever witnessed. Despite its general homogenisation of IP rights, the Agreement was expressly sensitive to inequalities that exist between developed and developing nations where in its Preamble it recognises, “also the special needs of the least-developed country Members in respect of maximum flexibility in the domestic implementation of laws and regulations in order to enable them to create a sound and viable technological base.” This acknowledged the reality of IP in least developed and some developing countries whereby too stringent implementation and enforcement standards could hinder the development of certain countries’ technological and industrial infrastructure. However, despite the sensitive framing of the TRIPS, it was from the very onset the subject of much criticism and debate. A debate which is on-going and also forms the background to the wider question that this thesis proposes to answer as to whether IPRs, thus, TRIPS is useful for developing countries. The contention that lies with TRIPS and developing countries stems from the Uruguay Round being seen as dominated by highly industrialised WTO Members led by the USA, the EU and Japan who “persuaded developing country members to adopt and enforce high levels of IPRs protection as part of an integrated WTO framework.”57 The pre-existing conventions were seen as insufficient to tackle IP infringements thus led to the TRIPS mandating a detailed set of both judicial and administrative rules as well as a link to the WTO’s dispute settlement system. This is where the criticism lies. In particular that the TRIPS set minimum standards for international IPR protection that is relatively high, seen as too high for many developing countries58. To understand the nature of the criticism the four narratives that account for the origin of TRIPS is useful59. Firstly, the bargain narrative, in which the Agreement was considered to be a compromise between developed and less developed countries60. The bargain consisted of guaranteeing xxxxx access to developed markets and concessions in agriculture and textiles rules to developing countries in exchange for heightened protection of IPRs (often belonging to developed countries. The compromise was made however, at a time when the bargaining power between these nations was far from equal thus it was seen as “coercion”61 by developed Membe...
Sample 1
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Related to TRIPS and Developing Countries

  • Research and Development (i) Advice and assistance in relation to research and development of Party B;

  • Training and Development 14.1 The parties are committed to, and acknowledge the mutual benefit to the employer and employee of planned human resource development and the provision and participation in relevant development opportunities (including accredited training).

  • Learning and Development (i) Managers and supervisors are responsible for promoting and supporting learning activities for employees in their area of responsibility.

  • PHASED DEVELOPMENT 15.1 The Seller reserves to itself, and to its successors in title as Developer, all such rights as are provided for in section 25 of the STA, to erect and complete a phased development on the Land from time to time, but no later than 15 (fifteen) years from the date of opening of the Sectional Title Register, for its personal account.

  • Territory 43.1 This Agreement applies to the territory in which Verizon operates as an Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Verizon shall be obligated to provide Services under this Agreement only within this territory.

  • Country [insert country where ITT is issued]

  • Territories The Agreement territory is limited to the United States of America, including the District of Columbia, only. It does not include Canada or U.S. Territories including Guam, Puerto Rico, or U.S. Virgin Islands.

  • Gender and Development 13. The Borrower shall ensure, and cause EPSO and HVEN to ensure, that the principles of gender equity aimed at increasing Project benefits and impacts on women in the Project area consistent with ADB’s Policy on Gender and Development (1998) are followed during implementation of the Project, including (a) equal pay to men and women for work of equal value; (b) enabling working conditions for women workers; and (c) taking necessary actions to encourage women living in the Project area to participate in the design and implementation of Project activities.

  • Job Development Job development/placement is individualized and shall include weekly person-to-person job search assistance, assistance with identifying job leads, interview coaching and support, and maintaining a log of job search activities for the purposes of obtaining competitive integrated employment. By mutual consent of the consumer and the KARINA ASSOCIATION, INC. , these services may be provided in-person or by Skype, FaceTime, or other online communication tools. Job development/placement may also include arranging job trials/job shadowing for individuals with a DORS Trial Work Experience Plan, assistance with completing applications, assistance with employer follow-up after interviews, use of personal employment networks in job search, and resume update. It would include time spent calling employers, visiting and educating employers and similar activities. Job development/placement shall not be paid for using supported employment funding and shall not include the Discovery process, which is pre-vocational in nature and may be completed prior to job development. Up to 60 hours for job search assistance, authorized in 20-hour increments, may be used for job development. Additional hours of job development may be requested and require written justification by KARINA ASSOCIATION, INC. and approval of the DORS regional/program director. Authorizations for Job Development. DORS only pays for job development services which have been previously authorized by a DORS official. Job Development Reporting. The Employment Service Progress Form is expected to be submitted to DORS on a monthly basis per consumer. This form is available on the DORS website (xxx.xxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx).

  • Iran, Sudan and Foreign Terrorist Organizations The Dissemination Agent and the Administrator represent that neither the Dissemination Agent, the Administrator nor any parent company, wholly- or majority-owned subsidiaries, and other affiliates of the Dissemination Agent or the Administrator is a company identified on a list prepared and maintained by the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts under Section 2252.153 or Section 2270.0201, Texas Government Code, and posted on any of the following pages of such officer’s internet website: xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/purchasing/docs/sudan-list.pdf, xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/purchasing/docs/iran-list.pdf, or xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/purchasing/docs/fto-list.pdf. The foregoing representation is made solely to enable the Issuer to comply with Section 2252.152, Texas Government Code, and to the extent such Section does not contravene applicable Federal or State law and excludes the Dissemination Agent, the Administrator and each parent company, wholly- or majority-owned subsidiaries, and other affiliates of the Dissemination Agent or the Administrator, if any, that the United States government has affirmatively declared to be excluded from its federal sanctions regime relating to Sudan or Iran or any federal sanctions regime relating to a foreign terrorist organization.

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