Value Chain. In this section the supply-chain of cement is described starting from the standard production process; its decomposition is useful to analyse relevant topics and criticalities and, further, to better assess DESTINY’s impact. Capital intensity: the cost of cement plants is usually above € 150M per million tonnes of annual capacity (equivalent to around 3 years of turnover), with correspondingly high costs if modifications (e.g. retrofits) are explored. This ranks the cement industry among the most capital-intensive industries. Transport: land transportation costs are significant, that’s why there was a standard threshold beyond a 200 km or at most 300 km distance. In time, bulk shipping has changed that significantly, as now it is cheaper to cross the Atlantic Ocean with 35,000 tonnes of cargo than to truck it 300 km.14 Energy intensity & High Emissions: Each tonne of cement produced requires 60 to 130 kilogrammes of fuel oil or its equivalent, depending on the cement type and the process used, and about 110 kWh of electricity. Cement is indeed one of the largest emitting industries in the world (8% of CO2 emissions). Remarkably, 14 xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xxx/file/p2sfi5fu/An-industry-with-low-labour-intensity-With-the-development-of- modern-automated/ roughly half of these emissions come from the limestone heating process (direct emissions), while the burning of fossil fuels to heat the kiln indirectly results in the remaining half of CO2 emissions.
Value Chain. Many, if not most, cement companies show a high degree of vertical integration and are consequently involved throughout the supply chain. The majority of cement companies own the quarries. Some producers also integrate downstream industries (i.e. concrete and aggregates). The extent of this downstream integration varies by country. Vertical integration can be a decisive factor, especially in mature markets. This allows companies to optimise their production process and to ensure high and consistent quality of their products. For producers of white cement, a secure the supply of high-quality limestone is important. Also, the high level of capital expenditure required for production means that it is important to ensure that plants have the enough supply of raw materials to remain operational for many years.
Value Chain. This section describes the value chain as a stepwise process, including raw material, production, inventory, shipment and order- processing. In the end we present a figure that illustrates the cost allocation in the supply chain.
2.2.1 Raw material processing
Value Chain. Combination of several cells. As an exception, a value chain may be composed of a single cell.
Value Chain. This deliverable follows from par. 5.2 and 5.2.a, in which parties and adhering banks agreed to jointly carry out value chain mapping exercises of high-risk sectors that are material to the banks and jointly commission a third party to facilitate this process.
Value Chain. The lack of a developed value chain is an impediment to fisheries development. Fishermen are subject to the will of the middlemen, who eagerly await their arrival along the beaches, wading into the waters to buy fish right off the small boats. A value chain that empowered the fishers and gave them negotiating power could create small and medium fisheries enterprises with employment throughout the chain. Most fishermen claim to buy ice, but many do not carry ice to sea (the intermediate buyers do tend to carry it). Catch is either tossed in the bottom of the boat or placed in basins or 10-gallon coolers, with or without covers. If ice is used, it is chipped from a large block of ice. Xxxx bought initially from a fisherman on his boat may be rapidly resold as soon as it reaches the beach. Most fish exchange hands several times before being bought by the consumer. Lack of organization and poor collaboration among fishermen maintains this situation. In spite of the rush to market, there is high fish loss after harvest, up to 40% according to IRAM (2007). Fishers earn low revenues for their efforts. In contrast, the middlemen are empowered and are good negotiators with the fishermen, which affords them good income for their families. The wives of a few fishermen are involved in fish buying and selling.
