CRIMINOLOGICAL FACTORS Sample Clauses

CRIMINOLOGICAL FACTORS. The criminological factors addressed below are: – the causes of criminal behavior of women; – the types of crimes that are prevalent among women; and – the sentences imposed on women. Various studies demonstrate that women’s pathways to prison can be identified by several shared features, such as a history of child abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, poverty, low level of education, minimum employment histories compared to male prisoners, mothering63 and responsibility for others, mental 62 See the thematic chapter by Xxxxxxxx in Part II of this volume. 63 However, contrary evidence exists that mothering can have a pro-social effect on women, steering them away from criminal behavior: see Xxxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxx-Xxxxxxxx Xxxx & Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, ‘An examination of the local life circumstances of female offenders: mothering, illegal earnings and drug use’, 55(2) British Journal of Criminology 248–69 (2015), p. 266. health problems and addiction.64 Whether caused by a hopeless situation or by domestic policies, the fact is that most crimes for which women are convicted happen to be economic in nature (drugs crimes, embezzlement, theft) rather than violent. Many respondent States mention drugs crimes – more specifically drug smuggling – as (one of) the largest category of crimes committed by women.65 Other economic crimes, such as theft, fraud and embezzlement, seem to have a high occurrence as well.66 In most reporting States violent crimes make up for a small percentage. An exception seems to be France, where wilful violence is the number one crime committed by women. Also in The Netherlands, about 50% of the women have been convicted for violent crimes. This does not necessarily mean that French and Dutch women are more violent. The figures may also 64 Most of these causes are mentioned in the thematic chapter by Xxxx, Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx & Moult in Part II of this volume. A more elaborate representation of the same study, by the same authors, can be found in Hard time(s): women’s pathways the crime and incarceration, Cape Town: Gender, Health and Justice Research Unit, University of Cape Town, 2012. The causes of criminal behavior of women are also mentioned in several national chapters in Part III of this volume, e.g. in the national chapter on Australia. Additional studies indicate similar causes, see, e.g.: Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx & Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, ‘Are magistrates doing justice to women?’, 92:1 Criminal Justice Matters 34–35 (2013); Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx, Women in priso...
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