Modelling enhancements. Modelling transport decarbonisation scenarios which are consistent with the Paris agreement is a challenging research. As part of the research, we enhanced the PRIMES- TREMOVE transport modelling framework and we considered additional linkages with the PRIMES energy systems model. From the perspective of the energy system, covered in the PRIMES model, a new module has been developed that represents the production of hydrogen, direct air capture of carbon (DAC) and the synthesis of climate-neutral methane and liquid hydrocarbons, as well as the distribution of hydrogen either independently or when injected in the gas distribution system. Biofuel and climate-neutral gas injections to the gas grid are also modelled. The module calculates feedstock inputs to the production of synthetic fuels, choice of technologies (among electrolysers and production routes for synthetic fuels), learning-by-doing, prices of the outputs, blending in gas distribution, distribution costs and prices of hydrogen and synthetic fuels by consumption sector. The power sector model of PRIMES was extended to add the representation of chemical storage of electricity and the modelling of the synchronous operation of power generation, load, renewable resources, energy storage, including chemical storage and the charging cycles of the various storage systems. Investment decisions in storage systems consider various technologies, sizes and types. Technology selection is endogenous depending on storage costs, the time framework of storage cycles, the prices of storage inputs and the marginal costs of the power system, which in turn depend on the availability of renewable resources and the demand for hydrogen and synthetic fuels by end-users. The power sector model solves the interconnected system of all European countries simultaneously and captures the sharing of balancing resources. From the perspective of the transport sector, covered in PRIMES-TREMOVE, the model enhancements aimed to enrich the representation of the competition of the various fuels that can be used in the same engine of transport equipment. The new model development increases the resolution by considering a split of biofuels into 1st generation (food based) and advanced (non-food based). In addition, the modelling also considers the synthetic e-liquid fuels, which can directly substitute fossil fuels using the same ICE engines.
