Transport applications. To support the change in the transport sector from a fossil fuel dominance to a broad low or zero emission scenario, the “Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure” was published after several studies, strategies and negotiations. The main aim of the Directive is to establish a common framework of measures for the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure in the Union to facilitate the development of a single market for these transport fuels in Europe. The Directive is in line with the strategy "Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area - toward a System of Competitive and Efficient Transport Resources" White Book 2 in order to break the dependence on oil transport and establish a reduction target of 60% emissions of greenhouse gases from transport by 2050. The alternative fuels considered to substitute fossil fuels are: Electricity, Hydrogen, Biofuels, Synthetic and paraffinic fuels, Natural gas, including biomethane, in gaseous form (compressed natural gas, CNG) and liquefied form (liquefied natural gas, LNG), and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) The lack of alternative fuel infrastructure and common technical specifications for the vehicle- infrastructure interface is considered an important issue to be addressed for the market introduction of alternative fuels. This Directive sets out minimum requirements for the development of an alternative fuels infrastructure, including recharging points for electric vehicles and refuelling points for natural gas (LNG and CNG) and hydrogen, to be implemented by means of Member States' National Policy Frameworks, as well as common technical specifications for such recharging and refuelling points, and user information requirements. Regarding hydrogen, the Directives’ Article 5 “Hydrogen supply for road transport” lets each Member State decide whether to include a framework for the deployment of hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) accessible to the public, so that an appropriate number of these stations are available. These national frameworks should ensure the circulation of hydrogen- powered motor vehicles within national networks with cross-border links by 31 December 2025. These HRS as from 18 November 2017 should comply with the technical specifications set out in an Annex of the Directive (current ISO/TS standards). Member States are required to adopt the Directive and thus, to establish their nation...
Transport applications. There is a very ambitious initiative for the transport sector: the UK H2 Mobility project. It is a public-private partnership of UK industry leaders and the government, aiming for hydrogen- fuelled transport to become a reality. The initiative brings together the whole hydrogen value- chain industry: utility, gas, infrastructure, fuel retail and car manufacturing sectors with three government departments. The project is divided into four phases: a first one evaluated the potential for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) for decarbonising the road transport, analyzed the potential barriers to overcome, the potential investment required and set out a roadmap to commercialize hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles in the UK from 2015. The next phase had the objective to develop a business case (2013). The third consisted in the development of an implementation plan (2014) and the last one is the implementation process (August 2014). The long term objectives are making hydrogen production and retailing an attractive and profitable business leading to the natural growth of the Hydrogen Refilling Stations (HRS) network as the car fleet grows. And by 2030: To make FCEV be at least cost-competitive with conventional vehicles To establish a network of 1,150 HRS providing national coverage The HRS network will have passed its financial break-even point Hydrogen production and retailing can be an attractive and profitable business Total CO2 emissions can be 75% less than those for equivalent diesel vehicles. They are set to reach zero by 2050 FCEV will be on course to take a 20 to 50% market share in 2050 The estimated funding for a first step had been 11 million GBP until end 2015 to establish a network of public HRS and supporting the purchase of public sector vehicles. 62 million GBP are estimated to be needed up to 2020 to continue with the implementation of HRS and 418 million GBP to get the break-even of the system. Published specific National plan for hydrogen and fuel cells: No Project: UK H2 Mobility Situation Study realized in 2013 - 2014, Implementing the project Published by UK H2 Mobility Application Transport Number of HRS currently in operation 21 (13 with public access) Number of HRS planned & year 65 (2020), >300 (2025) and 1,150 (2030) Number of cars in operation ~30 Number of cars planned& year 2,000 (2020), up to 350,000 (2025), and up to 1,400,000 (2030) Number of buses currently in operation 18 (CHIC, HyTRANSIT and HighVlo-City...
Transport applications. For transport applications, Norwegian government promotes initiatives like "The Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership" (SHHP), which consists of regional clusters of Norway, Sweden and Denmark, involving major and small industries, research institutions, and local, regional and national authorities. Its aim is to create one of the first regions in Europe where hydrogen is available and used in a network of refuelling stations. It is backed with strong public and private support in terms of funding, attractive financial tax exemption schemes and investments, and collaboration between countries to establish a network of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HRS) by 2015 of 15 stations and 30 satellite stations, as well as a large fleet of vehicles. This initiative was established after several actions. In 2005 an advisory body to the Ministries of Petroleum and Energy and Transport and Communications was established: the Norwegian Hydrogen Council. It published an Action Plan in 2006 for the period 2007-2010, with a set of concrete actions, activities and measures and it was met with substantial support from national stakeholders. A new Action Plan with updated and relevant actions, activities and measures was launched for 2012 – 2015, such as: establish incentives for the operation of the hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, maintain incentives for zero emission vehicles (XXX), increase support to transport research, finance lighthouse projects, increase the participation in R&D and demonstration projects at international level and set requirements for XXX in public procurements. Specific national plan for hydrogen and fuel cell applications: No Initiative The Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership Situation Ongoing Application Transport Number of HRS currently in operation 6 (5 public) Number of HRS planned & year 25 (2020) and 50 (2025) Number of cars in operation 8 Number of cars planned& year 55,000 (2025) Number of buses currently in operation 5 (CHIC) Number of cities currently involved in bus implementation 1: Oslo There is no clear data for future objectives for planned HRS or a number of FCEV deployed. Only some studies made in demonstration projects give some references which are included here. Many of the actions taken within the framework of demonstration projects were Norway has been very active. Thanks to the H2moves and HYNOR projects, around 35 FCEV cars were deployed and used by normal drivers. Nowadays eight remain active (three Hyundai and ...
Transport applications. In the transport sector, an initiative has been launched as a national plan to xxxxxx the implementation of hydrogen infrastructure like the initiatives from Germany, U.K. and Scandinavian countries. It is the “Mobilité Hydrogène France” (Hydrogen Mobility France) initiative, which is a consortium raised as part of the Hydrogen Infrastructure for Transport (HIT) project, a European project financed by the TEN-T program, involving four countries. It is a strong and wide coalition which involves the French Government; energy companies; hydrogen and HRS producers; vehicle, fuel cell and electrolyser providers; research organisations; several regions and EU and French associations. The first step was a study finished in 2014 with the conclusion that a realistic plan for a French infrastructure roll-out is possible and allows a quick start of a profitable market. In 2015 the initiative was launched with a horizon of 2030 to establish a nationwide coverage of HRS for transport. It is going to be phased to reduce risks in the early years. The main figures of the plan are until 2020: Create transnational corridors (Germany and Belgium) Deployment in clusters 500 - 700 fleet vans Tens of trucks 15 - 20 HRS The estimated funding needed until 2030 to implement about 600 HRS and more than 800,000 FCEV is about 586 million euros. Published specific national plan for hydrogen and fuel cells: Yes Initiative Mobilité Hydrogène France Situation Study realised 2014, Implementing the plan Published by H2 Mobilité France Application Transport Number of HRS currently in operation 10 (no public) Number of HRS planned & year 15 (2019), 320 (2024) and 580 (2030) Number of cars in operation 5FCEV + 57 EV with FC range extender Number of cars planned& year 1,200 (2019), 120,000 (2024) and 800,000 (2030) Number of buses currently in operation 0 Number of cities currently involved in bus implementation 0 For transport applications, several ongoing projects are being developed targeting fuel cell cars. Many of the projects aim at electric vehicles and vans range extenders like: HYWAY, FAHYENCE, HYTRAC, MOBYPOST, MOBILHYTEST or LESRA. Alongside some European projects, many of them are funded by national R&D programmes like the “Program des Investissements d'Avenir" (Program for Investments for the Future), which fosters the innovation for an ecologic and energetic transition, the support of industrial projects and sustainable cities and villages and the “Stratégie Nationale d...
Transport applications. Shortly, after the publication of the European Directive the “Estrategia de Impulso del vehículo con energías alternativas (VEA) en España (2014-2020)” (Spanish Strategy to Xxxxxx the Alternative Energy Vehicle) has been launched in the transport sector by the by the Spanish Industry Ministry. Here, hydrogen is considered among other alternative fuels as a future fuel for transport with quantitative goals (around 2,800 vehicles and 21 HRS) and measures. The specific definition of the measures and mechanisms and the budget for its support appear in the Plan MOVEA, published every year by the “Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía" - IDAE (Energy Savings and Diversification Institute). In the first publication of the plan in 2015, hydrogen powered vehicles were not considered in this plan. For other fuels (CNG, LNG, LPG, EV, PHEV and EREV) a direct support for the purchase of the car is given (between 1,100 euros and 5,500 euros for passenger cars) and also for the installation of electric charging points (up to 15,000 euros for a fast charging point). No information is given for future plans and funding. The situation in Spain of hydrogen and fuel cell applications is as follows:
Transport applications. This category includes FCEVs, hydrogen refuelling stations and other transport applications. It is taken to mean applications related to transport in general. In general, of the stakeholders participating in the on line survey, 88 % think that FCH technolo- xxxx are a good or a very good solution to these challenges. There is some variance in the evalu- ation across countries. However, these differences do not turn out to be significant.
