HIV IN UKRAINE Sample Clauses

HIV IN UKRAINE. ‌ Upon the fall of the Soviet Union and declaring independence in the early 1990s, Ukraine experienced a decline in its ability to manage the country’s health. Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and deaths due to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) increased drastically (XxXxxx & Xxxxxx, 2005). Economic instability and poverty amplified throughout the country (Xxxxxx et al., 1999). Poverty, homelessness, and limited access to hygienic practices welcomed the opportunity for adverse health impacts. Corruption among country borders and increased drug trafficking from the Black Sea enabled the flow of drugs and contributed to the spread of infections (XxXxxx & Xxxxxx, 2005). Of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Ukraine has the highest prevalence of HIV (Avert, 2017; Xxxxx et al., 2003). The burden of HIV continues to rise and is heavily driven by injection drug use (IDU) (Nieburg & Xxxxx, 2012; PEPFAR; UNAIDS, 2017). Approximately 22% of people who inject drugs (PWID) had HIV in 2015 (Xxxxxxx et al., 2018). While nearly a quarter of PWID tested positive for HIV, this rate may be higher than reported as. HIV incidence is often measured by the number of people registered in an AIDS center, though not all PLWH are registered (PEPFAR). In addition, only a little over half of people living with HIV (PLWH) in Ukraine know their HIV status (UNAIDS, 2017). Those who know their status may even choose to hide their status because of high levels of stigma towards HIV (Green, 2017). HIV is treatable with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment can prevent further development of health consequences (HIV, 2017). ART is available at the AIDS clinics, funded by local budgets and international donors (World Health Organization, 2013; PEPFAR). Despite high rates of HIV among PWID, a lack of HIV treatment engagement exists among PWID. For instance, PWID were found to be 85% less likely to be receiving ART than those who do not inject drugs (Nieburg & Xxxxx, 2012). Disparities of treatment among HIV-positive PWID in comparison to non-injectors creates an injustice to a vulnerable population in need. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HIV healthcare reform in Ukraine, seeking resources from Ukrainian health administrations to restructure the system for those in need (World Health Organization, 2013). While receiving resources from donor organizations, largely from the Global Fund and PEPFAR (Nieburg & Xxxxx, 2012; PEPFAR), Ukraine’s Director General of...
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