Impact of lower layers on measurements Sample Clauses

Impact of lower layers on measurements. ‌ In recent years, progress has been done on the techniques for measuring the capacity and available bandwidth of a path. Many studies are supported by theoretical analysis, often employing fluid models which nicely show the effect of the probes and the im- pact of competing cross-traffic. However, the Internet is composed of different types of networks employing very different technologies. While at Layer 3 (L3) the IP protocol is universally adopted, at lower layers (L1 and L2) different architectures are adopted, spanning from DSL to Fiber to Wireless. Thus, when undertaking the measurements, being them passive or active, it must be kept in mind that packets can traverse various infrastructures which might introduce some unknown bias which depend on the tech- niques used. Additionally, the vast majority of the tools assume FIFO queuing and do not consider rate regulation mechanisms such as token buckets. For example, in [36] the authors show that some tools produce biased results when measuring access net- works because of the presence of a WiFi link or of a token bucket on Cable links. In [9] it has been shown that the Packet Pairs technique is not suitable for ADSL environ- ments because of significant granularity in the Inter-Arrival Time (IAT) of the packets (see Fig. 3.1), and in [6] this IAT granularity is even used for the characterization of networks employing different technologies. Therefore, when measuring an Internet path, it is very important either to acquire knowledge of the traversed networks, or to employ measurement techniques which are robust enough to work in different environ- ments. In particular, the VPS technique and the Packet Pairs-based tools are likely to be the most affected because they employ few packets in the estimation and thus are more sensitive to bias introduced by lower layers. 3000 Interarrival Time between packets (us) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Time (s) ∼
AutoNDA by SimpleDocs

Related to Impact of lower layers on measurements

  • Mileage Measurement Where required, the mileage measurement for LIS rate elements is determined in the same manner as the mileage measurement for V&H methodology as outlined in NECA Tariff No. 4.

  • Benchmarks for Measuring Accessibility For the purposes of this Agreement, the accessibility of online content and functionality will be measured according to the W3C’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 Level AA and the Web Accessibility Initiative Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 for web content, which are incorporated by reference. Adherence to these accessible technology standards is one way to ensure compliance with the College’s underlying legal obligations to ensure that people with disabilities are able to acquire the same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same benefits and services within the same timeframe as their nondisabled peers, with substantially equivalent ease of use; that they are not excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or otherwise subjected to discrimination in any College programs, services, and activities delivered online, as required by Section 504 and the ADA and their implementing regulations; and that they receive effective communication of the College’s programs, services, and activities delivered online.

  • Usage Measurement Usage measurement for calls shall begin when answer supervision or equivalent Signaling System 7 (SS7) message is received from the terminating office and shall end at the time of call disconnect by the calling or called subscriber, whichever occurs first.

  • Technical Standards Applicable to a Wind Generating Plant i. Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) Capability A wind generating plant shall be able to remain online during voltage disturbances up to the time periods and associated voltage levels set forth in the standard below. The LVRT standard provides for a transition period standard and a post-transition period standard.

  • ACCURACY OF CUSTOMER’S PLANS AND MEASUREMENTS a) The Company is entitled to rely on the accuracy of any plans, specifications and other information provided by the Customer. The Customer acknowledges and agrees that in the event that any of this information provided by the Customer is inaccurate the Company accepts no responsibility for any loss, damages or costs howsoever resulting from these inaccurate plans, specifications or other information.

  • Changes to the Department's Requirements 5.1 The Department shall notify the Contractor of any material change to the Department's requirement under this Contract.

  • Required Coverages For Generation Resources Of 20 Megawatts Or Less Each Constructing Entity shall maintain the types of insurance as described in section 11.1 paragraphs (a) through (e) above in an amount sufficient to insure against all reasonably foreseeable direct liabilities given the size and nature of the generating equipment being interconnected, the interconnection itself, and the characteristics of the system to which the interconnection is made. Additional insurance may be required by the Interconnection Customer, as a function of owning and operating a Generating Facility. All insurance shall be procured from insurance companies rated “A-,” VII or better by AM Best and authorized to do business in a state or states in which the Interconnection Facilities are located. Failure to maintain required insurance shall be a Breach of the Interconnection Construction Service Agreement.

  • Sector Sub-Sector Industry Classification Level of Government Type of Obligation Description of Measure Source of Measure All sectors : : - : Central : National Treatment Senior Management and Board of Directors : National Treatment and the Senior Management and Board of Directors obligations shall not apply to any measure relating to small and medium sized domestic market enterprise2. Foreign equity is restricted to a maximum of 40% for domestic market enterprises with paid-in equity capital of less than the equivalent of USD 200,000 Note: Members of the Board of Directors or governing body of corporation or associations shall be allowed in proportion to their allowable participation or share in the capital of such enterprises. : -1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. - Foreign Investments Act of 1991 (R.A. No. 7042, as amended by R.A. No. 8179). -Presidential and Administrative Issuances. ∞ 2 The concept of a small and medium sized domestic market enterprise is an enterprise with paid in equity capital of less than the equivalent of USD 200,000.00.

  • Temperature Measurement Temperature will be measured by the nearest automatic Melbourne Bureau of Meteorology Monitoring Station for example (but not limited to): Melbourne, Moorabbin, Dunns Hill, Melbourne Airport, Frankston, and Point Xxxxxx. At the commencement of each project, the onsite management and employee representatives shall agree which is to be the applicable automatic weather monitoring station.

  • Switching System Hierarchy and Trunking Requirements For purposes of routing ECI traffic to Verizon, the subtending arrangements between Verizon Tandem Switches and Verizon End Office Switches shall be the same as the Tandem/End Office subtending arrangements Verizon maintains for the routing of its own or other carriers’ traffic (i.e., traffic will be routed to the appropriate Verizon Tandem subtended by the terminating End Office serving the Verizon Customer). For purposes of routing Verizon traffic to ECI, the subtending arrangements between ECI Tandem Switches and ECI End Office Switches shall be the same as the Tandem/End Office subtending arrangements that ECI maintains for the routing of its own or other carriers’ traffic.

Draft better contracts in just 5 minutes Get the weekly Law Insider newsletter packed with expert videos, webinars, ebooks, and more!