Introduction and Conclusions Sample Clauses

Introduction and Conclusions. Past studies have identified urban runoff as a major contributor to the degradation of many urban streams and rivers (Field and Turkeltaub 1981; Pitt and Bozeman 1982; Pitt and Xxxxxxxxxxx 1984, and Pitt 1994, which includes an extensive literature review). Previous studies also found organic and metallic toxicants in urban storm induced discharges (EPA 1983a; Xxxxxxx, et al. 1984; Fram, et al. 1987) which can contribute to receiving water degradation. Appendix D contains a summary of basic receiving water problems associated with urban stormwater, stressing recent research that supplements the above referenced studies and reviews. The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) monitored stormwater toxicant discharges from 28 cities and concluded that urban areas were responsible for substantial discharges of toxicants (EPA 1983a). The NURP data were collected mostly from residential areas and did not consider snowmelt. Furthermore, only a few commercial and light industrial areas were represented. NURP did not identify any significant regional differences in toxicants found, or in their concentrations. However, other information indicates that industrial stormwater, snowmelt runoff, and dry weather discharges (including illegal discharges into storm drainage) can all contribute significant amounts of toxicants to receiving waters (Pitt and XxXxxx 1986). The objective of this research was to further characterize stormwater toxicants, confirm the source areas of concern, and investigate the effectiveness of treatment processes to control the toxicants. A parallel EPA sponsored research project resulted in a user's guide for the investigation of inappropriate discharges into storm drainage systems (Pitt, et al. 1993) and a comprehensive review of groundwater impacts from stormwater infiltration (Pitt, et al. 1994 and 1996). Clearly, an effective urban runoff control program must consider all seasonal flow phases and sources of critical pollutants. If warm weather stormwater runoff was the only source considered, storm drainage control programs in many areas would be disappointingly deficient. A complete control program must consider dry weather flows, plus snow melt in northern areas, in addition to stormwater runoff. The results of the research reported here is only one component of this complete control program approach.
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