Monotone. Only in cases of budget constraints, some products may use a one-colour or two colour Trademark. In such cases, the Trademark have to fulfil the guidelines stated below. All monotone artworks will be assessed on a case-by-case basis in addition to the guidelines below. The Trademark may be printed in black with the inside of the Symbol in reversed white only when: The product packaging is printed in two colours or less (excluding white) of which one of the colours is black (100% K) The Pantone Red 032 and any of the approved variations is not one of the colours printed on the packaging. The approved variations of the Pantone Red include Pantone colours 186, 192, 199, 206, 485 and 1788. Custom colours must be submitted for approval. Use of the Trademark should be consistent, following the guidelines in this document. Use of an incorrect Symbol is not permitted. Please do not:
Monotone. Instrumental Variable To further tighten the bounds, we turn to the Monotone Instrumental Variable (MIV) assumption which makes use of new information through the introduction of a monotone instrumental variable. A MIV should not be confused with a typical instrumental variable. The only requirement for a MIV is that potential outcomes vary monotonically with the variable (Xxxxxx and Pepper 2000). Following Xxxxxxx et al. (2012), the MIV assumption imposes P [M (1) = 1|ν = u1] ≤ P [M (1) = 1|ν = u] ≤ P [M (1) = 1|ν = u2] P [M (0) = 1|ν = u1] ≤ P [M (0) = 1|ν = u] ≤ P [M (0) = 1|ν = u2], where ν is the MIV and u1 < u < u2. In other words, higher values of ν are associated with higher potential outcomes. Here, we use GDP per capita as the MIV since greater income is likely to induce greater demand for environmental protection on average in the population (e.g., Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. 2003; Xxxxx et al. 2011). To proceed, we combine the MIV and MTS (with and without measurement error) assumptions. Let UB(u) and LB(u) denote the upper and lower bounds of the individual components of the ATE obtained under a set of MTS and measurement error assumptions evaluated conditional on ν = u. As a result, the joint MTS-MIV assumption implies sup LB(u1) ≤ P [M (t) = 1|ν = u] ≤ inf UB(u2), t = 0, 1. u1≤u See Proposition 1 in Manski and Pepper (2000). u2≥u To calculate these bounds in practice, the sample is divided into five GDP per capita cells. Weighted averages of the estimates of the UB and LB across the five cells yield joint MTS-MIV bounds on the individual components of the ATE. Final bounds for the ATE are then computed using (9) and (10). The MIV estimator is biased in finite samples, but consistent (Xxxxxx and Pepper 2000). In light of this, we use Xxxxxxx and Pepper’s (2007) nonparametric finite sample bias-corrected MIV estimator.7 3 Data The data on environmental agreements come from Xxxxxxxx (2013a).8 We do not consider all MEAs in the analysis. To begin, we focus on MEAs with dates of signature between 1960 and 2001. Next, we utilize Appendix 6.1 in Xxxxxxx (2003) and the United Nations Treaty Series Online Collection to further reduce the set of agreements to open MEAs (i.e., those without any participation restrictions).9 In case of any discrepancy between the two sources, the corresponding agreement text is consulted. The agreement texts are also relied upon to classify agreements that are not listed in these sources. In this paper, we choose to focus solely...
Monotone. Anxiety usually causes monotone voices. The muscles in the chest and throat tighten up and become less flexible, and airflow is restricted. The voice then loses its natural animation and monotone results. You must relax and release tension. Upper and lower body movement is vital. Talking too fast: When you become anxious, the rate of speech usually increases. Articulation is what is important. Sometimes when you talk too fast you trip over words. Breathe and slow down. Listen for the last word of a sentence, and then proceed to your next sentence. Pausing can be very effective in a presentation. This allows important points to sink in. Sometimes the audience needs a period of silence to digest what you are saying.
