Rwanda. The Mountain Gorilla occurs in the Volcanoes NP, in the north-western part of the country (part of the larger “Virunga population”, which includes the gorillas of Volcanoes NP in Rwanda, of the Mgahinga Gorilla NP in Uganda, and of the Virunga NP of DRC).
Rwanda. The biggest populations of Grey Crowned Cranes in Rwanda are found within two sites strongly protected by the government, namely the Rugezi Xxxxx (a Ramsar Site and Important Bird Area) and Akagera National Park. The latter is fully protected and under effective management. The other wetlands where Grey Crowned Cranes are found do not have any level of protection and are all threatened with peat extraction for power generation. If this happens, complete wetlands will be removed, with special concern for the Akunyura and Nyabarongo Wetlands, both of which are designated for peat to power projects and also hold good crane populations.
Rwanda. Project at Rugezi Xxxxx to conserve cranes, improve livelihoods and increase the value that the local community places on the Xxxxx, led by the IICF/EWT Partnership, the Xxxxxxxxx Rift Conservation Society (XXXXX) and the Kitabi College for Conservation and Environmental Management. The Rwandan Development Board, in collaboration with a number of organisations and individuals are addressing the issue of domestication and illegal trade in Grey Crowned Cranes. The EWT, in partnership with ICF, has full time projects in all key Grey Crowned Crane areas in South Africa. These focus on awareness, monitoring, securing key sites under a protected area status and sustainable management. A PhD study is being conducted by Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, a student from the University of Massachusetts, and supported by the ICF/EWT Partnership and Xxxx Xxxxx, looking at Grey Crowned Crane distribution, breeding and reasons for their decline. A Community-based Crane and Wetland Conservation Programme under NatureUganda, and in partnership with the International Crane Foundation / Endangered Wildlife Trust, has been active since 2002 at Kaku Kiyanja, Nyumuriro and Kabale Wetlands and in Busheny in Uganda. Nature and Livelihoods, a local NGO, partnered with the ICF/EWT Partnership in 2014 to survey Grey Crowned Cranes in the eastern parts of Uganda. They are also looking at a number of small scale projects and studies. Most of Zambia’s Grey Crowned Cranes are found in protected areas. Although being afforded considerable protection, mammals are the primary focus of attention and little attention is given to birds in general. That said, Grey Crowned Cranes are a considerable tourist attraction and hence do have national value. The ICF/EWT Partnership, in collaboration with the Zambian Wildlife Authority recently initiated the Zambian Crane and Wetlands Conservation Project. This project will focus on monitoring, threat mitigation and research to better understand the species. BirdLife Zimbabwe regularly conducts monitoring and community based conservation in the Driefontein Grasslands, with a focus on cranes. There is also currently a project being conducted under the Conservation Leadership Programme around human-wildlife conflict around cranes and crop damage A number of countries have active Important Bird Area projects which include Site Support Groups, monitoring and community projects.
Rwanda. Of the three publications from Rwanda, one discussed the scope of post-‐abortion care in Rwanda, one discussed financial implications of post-‐abortion care, and one discussed the politics and personal stories surrounding unsafe abortion in the country:
Rwanda. The biggest populations of Grey Crowned Cranes in Rwanda are found within two sites strongly protected by the government, namely the Rugezi Xxxxx (a Ramsar Site and Important Bird Area) and Akagera National Park. The latter is fully protected and under effective management. The other wetlands where Grey Crowned Cranes are found do not have any level of protection and are all threatened with peat extraction for power generation. If this happens, complete wetlands will be removed, with special concern for the Akunyura and Nyabarongo Wetlands, both of which are designated for peat to power projects and also hold good crane populations. The vast majority of South Africa’s Grey Crowned Cranes are found on private land. However, 40 – 50 pairs are found within provincial Nature Reserves, namely: Chelmsford, Spioenkop, Karkloof, Umvoti Vlei, Umgeni Vlei, The Swamp, Himeville, Coleford, Ntsikeni, Xxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxx and Oribi Nature Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal Province; Sterkfontein and Seekoeivlei Nature Reserves in the Free State Province. Across their range, there are also a number of Ramsar Sites and Important Bird Areas that have Grey Crowned Cranes, but the security of these sites is tenuous and management varies considerably. South Africa has a Biodiversity Stewardship Programme that provides the opportunity for landowners to voluntarily enter into legally binding agreements with the government. Depending on the level of commitment, with Nature Reserve and Protected Environment being the highest levels, these properties are entered into the Protected Area network of the country and are afforded some protection against unsustainable development. These categories of protection are outlined under the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act no 57 of 2003). In addition, these farms are required to be managed sustainably for biodiversity and for their water resource value. At the time of writing 60 000 ha have been declared as the Chrissiesmeer Protected Environment – an area important for Grey Crowned Cranes, and a host of other sites are in process.
Rwanda. Project at Rugezi Xxxxx to conserve cranes, improve livelihoods and increase the value that the local community places on the Xxxxx, led by the IICF/EWT Partnership, the Xxxxxxxxx Rift Conservation Society (XXXXX) and the Kitabi College for Conservation and Environmental Management. The Rwandan Development Board, in collaboration with a number of organisations and individuals are addressing the issue of domestication and illegal trade in Grey Crowned Cranes. The EWT, in partnership with ICF, has full time projects in all key Grey Crowned Crane areas in South Africa. These focus on awareness, monitoring, securing key sites under a protected area status and sustainable management.
Rwanda. Penal Code of Rwanda. 2012 32. Xxxx, C., Xxxxxxx, S. T., Xxxxxxx, D., Xxxx, R., & Xxxxxxx, J. (2010). Family Acceptance in Adolescence and the Health of LGBT Young Adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205-213. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x 33. Solomon, D., Xxxxxx, J., Åsberg, K., & Xxxxx, A. (2015). Coming Out and the Potential for Growth in Sexual Minorities: The Role of Social Reactions and Internalized Homonegativity. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(11), 1512-1538. doi:10.1080/00918369.2015.1073032 34. Xxxxxx, X. X., Xxxxx, A., Curling, D., Xxxxxx, X. X., Green, D. C., Xxxxxxxx, X. X., & Xxxx, L. E. (2017). LGBT Identity, Untreated Depression, and Unmet Need for Mental Health Services by Sexual Minority Women and Trans-Identified People. Journal of Women's Health, 26(2), 116-127. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5677
Rwanda. 7 Oct 1 Dec 1994 A 1964 d Republic of) .............
Rwanda. Population size and trends - annual census done. 487 counted in 2017 and 459 in 2018. There is cross boarder movement of cranes • Regular sightings by Rwanda Wildlife Conservation Association’s (RWCA) Eco-rangers and ICF/EWT Partnership. Conservation Champions are using cybertracker to monitor cranes • Threats: illegal trade was high in 2015 but is low now; hunting was medium in 2015, is low now; wetland degradation was medium in 2015 but is high now • No national action plan. Implementation is mainly through ICF/EWT Partnership and RWCA intervention • Rwanda Development Board and Rwanda Environment Management Authority are supportive and are involved in the conservation activities including illegal trade mitigation. Government has formed an inter-agency organ to combat wildlife trafficking • All captive cranes have been identified and the majority rescued • Awareness campaigns on radio, TV and communities about illegal removal • Collaboration with local leaders to tackle illegal trade. The leaders have helped in confiscation of chick and giving information • Livelihood support, e.g., fodder, beekeeping • Patrols by Eco-rangers to mitigate illegal activities • Joint patrols with police and the army • Identification and protection of breeding sites • School awareness programme • Ongoing research on disease • Use of GPS tags to monitor population • Crane release programme. Banded cranes released back into the wild and reports of sightings come from as far as Tanzania • Development of Umusambi village for disabled cranes. The areas will also serve as an education centre • Need for country colour codes to identify cranes that move across boarders
Rwanda. Least-Developed Country and Utilization of the August 2003 Decision
a) Extension of the Transition Period un- der Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agree- ment for Least-Developed Country Members for Certain Obligations with Respect to Pharmaceutical Products, Decision of the Council for TRIPS of 27 June 2002, IP/C/25. According to this decision LDCs will not be obliged, with respect to pharmaceutical prod- ucts, to implement or apply the sec- tions on patent and protection of un- disclosed information of the TRIPS Agreement or to enforce rights pro- vided for under these sections until 1 January 2016.
b) Least-Developed Country Members — Obligations under Article 70.9 of the TRIPS Agreement with Respect to Pharmaceutical Products, Decision of 8 July 2002, WT/L/478. This decision waived the obligation of LDCs to make available exclusive marketing rights for products that are not protected by xxx- ent pending the introduction of product patents in the LDC concerned, until 1 January 2016. As an LDC benefiting from the transition pe- riod for implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, including Article 31 of the agreement, it is not necessary for Rwanda to ratify the Protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement that incorporated the system created under August 2003 Decision. How- ever, the system created under the August 2003 Decision precisely targets countries such as Rwanda that have limited or no manufacturing capacity in the pharmaceuti- cal sector. The system ensures that LDCs have access to products produced in the ter- ritories of WTO members with adequate manufacturing capacity that are parties to the TRIPS Agreement. The notification by Rwanda of its expecta- tion to import the specific pharmaceutical product is made under paragraph 2(a) of the August 2003 Decision. Under the paragraph, the notification is expected to include:
i. the names and expected quantities of the product(s) needed;
ii. confirmation to the effect that the im- porting country, other than an LDC, has insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector for the product(s) in question; and
iii. confirmation that, where a pharmaceu- tical product is patented in its territory, it has granted or intends to grant a compulsory licence in accordance with Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement and the provisions of this Decision; Rwanda has provided information on the name and the quantity of the product it ex- pects to import. The notification includes a proviso to the effect that … because...
