Available tools. The review of naturalistic driving studies and field operational tests, made in deliverable D4 of this project, gave useful information regarding the signals recorded and the instrumentation used. While a complete review can be found in the cited deliverable, here it is useful to recall the main findings to support the decisions for the design of the naturalistic riding study. All reviewed studies collect information with questionnaires for the characterization of the drivers in terms of: • demographic data; • personality; • driving style/patterns. In addition a variable set of signals is recorded through sensors. In all cases video is used, and, in case of minimal instrumentation, it can be the sole instrumentation although several cameras are often installed. For other studies, which employed a more complex system of signals and sensors, the information is reported in the following Tables. The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Signals Sensors distance to lead and following vehicles; longitudinal and transversal acceleration; gyroscopic signals; GPS position; brake activation (light); turn signal; throttle; speed; mileage; 5 video signals (driver’s face and driver side of the vehicle, forward view, rear view, passenger side of vehicle, and over-the-shoulder view for the driver’s hands and surrounding areas); lane position; activation of the incident pushbutton; audio (active only if an incident pushbutton was pressed); glare. a box to obtain data from the vehicle network (i.e. speed, throttle, turn signal, brake); an accelerometer box for longitudinal and lateral acceleration; two systems to provide information on distance respectively to lead and following vehicles (XXXXX VORAD EVT300 Doppler radar, 180 degrees of span, 9.14 m maximum distance); a system to detect conflicts with vehicles to either side of the participant vehicle; a GPS data module; cellular communication; an incident box to allow drivers to flag incidents for the research team; a video-based lane tracking system to measure lane keeping behaviour; video to validate any sensor-based findings (5 cameras). Test Site Sweden FOT Signals Sensors GPS (position, speed and time for synchronisation); acceleration (longitudinal and lateral); steering wheel angle; pedal positions; gear lever position; yaw rate; engine speed; data from video (not specified); foot location (by sensors on pedals); activation of incident button. not specified Driver distraction in commercial vehicle operations Signals S...
Available tools. Research about collaborative software has been conducted since the mid 1980's, when computer- human interaction, office automation, and support for group work became the focus of research projects. The term computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) was first used in 1984 and focused on the support of small groups of people. Other terms are used as synonyms for CSCW, especially: collaborative computing, computer mediated communication, and group decision support systems. CSCW is defined as a “computer-assisted coordinated activity such as communication and problem solving carried out by a group of collaborating individuals" or as a system, which “looks at how groups work and seeks to discover how technology (especially computers) can help them work". The term groupware also stems from the 1980's and is defined as “computer-based systems that support groups of people engaged in a common task (or goal) and that provide an interface to a shared environment". Interestingly, some authors see groupware as advanced software that has to provide awareness support, while other authors also understand code management or emailing as groupware systems. In contrast to groupware, CSCW does not only comprise technological aspects of collaboration, but also incorporates psychological, social, and organizational effects. Collaborative technologies, especially in the field of groupware and CSCW, are typically classified using the time-space taxonomy which distinguishes between communication that occurs at the same space or concurrently at different spaces, and communication that occurs in the same time (synchronously) or in different times (asynchronously). This view was established in 1988 by X. Xxxxxxxx (“GroupWare: Computer Support for Business Teams”, The Free Press, New York) and taken on in various related publications. The following figure depicts the typical time-space matrix as presented in these publications.
