Main Findings. This study used an experimental paradigm to explore emotional facial expression and experience in people diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The results support the hypothesis that people with AN show alterations in the expression and experience of emotion which are more severe than shown in people with BN. The findings are consistent with previous research using self report measures which show that people with AN do not express their feelings (e.g. Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010). They are also consistent with studies using different methodologies which found differences in how positive and negative affect is experienced in AN with a general attenuation of positive affect but similar levels of negative affect to control participants (Xxxx et al., 2009; Xxxx et al., 2007). There were no significant differences in response to the neutral film clip, suggesting the emotion eliciting stimuli evoked a differentiated response. An additional finding, which was not included in the initial hypotheses, was that the AN participants looked away significantly more during the negative film clip. One could speculate that looking away was the result of lack of attention or boredom. However, if this was the case one would expect the highest levels of looking away to be in response to the neutral film clip rather than the emotion eliciting clips. Interestingly, the HC looked away mostly in response to the neutral film clip, although this was not a significant effect. Given that the AN participants looked away significantly more in response to the negative film clip could be construed as an attempt to avoid any negative feelings the stimulus was evoking. This interpretation was supported by previous studies which suggest that avoidance in AN is used as a means of reducing affective states (Corstorphine et al., 2007). Alternatively, looking away could be used as a way of hiding negative expression. As the self report literature demonstrates (Xxxxxx et al., 2000) showing negative expression is unacceptable to people with AN due to feared negative consequences. In this study participants were on their own whilst watching the film clips, but were aware of their expressions being filmed. Moreover, Xxxxxxxx (1994) has suggested that even emotional expression that takes place in solitude involves implicit or imagined audiences whereby solitary expression is a means of controlling images projected during imagined social interactions. Results for the BN group showed that they were ge...
Main Findings. The development of the global community has caused development in security of loan application in banking internationally, one of them is security by using Patent. In Article 108 paragraph (1) of Patent Law, it is stated that right on Patent can be used as fiduciary security. The existing regulation indicates that the State supports economic development through granting of loan to Patent holders in order to develop their invention. A Patent Holder shall have an exclusive right to use the Intellectual Property Right by his/herself by using it as security. Implications/Applications:The findings of this study are helpful for the individuals in understanding the aspect of patents and exclusive rights held by the owner in order to secure Intellectual Property. References
Main Findings. No international consensus exists regarding pre-birth rights protection, as reflected in domestic jurisprudence, regional human rights jurisprudence, national constitutions and international human rights law. - However, the CRC leaves open the option of its application to the pre-birth context; jurisprudence reflects that it is possible for some protection to be afforded before birth to a future child, without conferring rights pre-birth. - The CRC should be interpreted dynamically, in light of ICS as a current-day child rights challenge. - Decisions and actions taken in the preconception and prenatal stages of ICS arrangements can impact on the rights of future children born through individual ICS arrangements. - Preconception and prenatal decisions and actions taken by commissioning parents and other actors in ICS arrangements should be taken in line with an in eventu approach to protect the rights of potential future children, so that such children can exercise and enjoy their full range of CRC rights, if and when they are born through ICS. - A three-pronged set of strategic safeguards is proposed, to help ensure preconception and prenatal actions and decisions in ICS preserve the oppor- tunity for future children to exercise and enjoy their rights. These safe- guards can be practically implemented by ICS actors, despite the lack of international regulation or agreement concerning ICS as a method of family formation or of ICS. - This Chapter presents new and novel analysis in the ICS context, from a child rights perspective. - It is highly relevant to the contemporary child rights challenges arising in ICS, given that ICS case law across many jurisdictions (both domestic and regional) continues to reflect the reality that preconception and prenatal decisions and actions taken in ICS are having significant impacts on the ability of children to exercise and enjoy their rights once born. This Chapter has been accepted for publication in The International Journal of Children’s Rights, Issue 1, 2018 (forthcoming).
Main Findings. Accomplishments, Priorities by Supervision area, and for the Program as a Whole
Main Findings. By observing all sleeping spaces during the household survey and counting sleeping spaces, it was possible to determine the rate of coverage, usage, and ownership of campaign LLINs, the effectiveness of the door-to-door hang-up activities, and barriers to LLIN usage following a free mass-distribution in Nord-Ubangi province. The proportion of households that received at least one campaign LLIN was 100% across all three health districts. Within these households, 48% of sleeping spaces were covered by a campaign LLIN, and 80% of households surveyed reported sleeping under the LLINs every night. When combining the proportion of non-campaign LLINs and campaign LLINs covering sleeping spaces, 48% coverage increases to 69% coverage across all three health districts. Even though the survey participants reported sleeping under the nets every night, 52% of campaign LLINs were not hung, and 20% of households reported not sleeping under a campaign LLIN every night because the LLINs were not hung. Together, these circumstances result in incomplete protection of the population, with only 48% of observed sleeping spaces covered by hanging LLINs. Therefore, the campaign did not achieve its objective of covering 80% of sleeping spaces (universal coverage). The reasons for low sleeping space coverage were ineffective door-to-door hang-up activities; lack of space in the households, sleeping spaces used for other activities during the day, lack of materials to hang LLINs, not enough LLINs for sleeping spaces, and lack of knowledge necessary to hang the LLINs ( especially among older adults). A few households also reported discomfort from heat, allergies to the chemical in the LLINs, and feelings of claustrophobia as barriers to using LLINs. The study showed that door-to-door hang-up campaign activities were not carried out appropriately as planned by the campaign. Of the 305 households surveyed, 280 (92%) hung their own campaign LLINs, compared to only 25 (8%) of households in which at least one campaign LLIN was hung by CHWs. The door-to-door hang-up activities were carried out once during the mass distribution, the CHWs responsibility were to hang at least two LLIN per households while distributing the LLINs. The results indicate that door-to-door hang up assistance did not increase the households’ use of LLINs to the point of achieved universal coverage as planned by the campaign.
Main Findings. Defined physical distancing and the ways to achieve the distancing and reduce crowding
Main Findings. Effect of interventions on depressive symptoms (Hypothesis 1)
Main Findings. In recent years, research has shown racial disparities along the HIV care continuum. In the United States, disease progression, infectiousness, and mortality from HIV occur in greater frequency among HIV-positive black MSM compared to HIV-positive white MSM [6]. This highlights the public health importance of ART initiation and adherence as a part of the HIV care continuum in reducing excess HIV risk and achieving viral suppression, especially among HIV- positive black MSM. Antiretroviral therapy is a treatment and a means of HIV prevention, as reduction in viral load has been shown to diminish the risk of transmission of HIV to a serodiscordant sexual partner [4,8]. Therefore, adherence to HIV medication is a must for this to be successful [8]. However, many studies have documented that HIV-positive minorities are less likely to begin and engage in HIV care, such as initiating and adhering to ART, than HIV- positive whites, therefore they are less likely to have HIV viral suppression [3-4,8,13-14]. Public health professionals and researchers have both documented and hypothesized that social and structural factors (i.e., education level, poverty, unemployment, housing, transportation, etc.), distrust in the medical and research community, stigma related to HIV and gender identities, mental health and other psychosocial influencers contribute to these racial disparities in HIV care and treatment [16-18]. Additionally, inequities in access to and utilization of health care, insurance coverage, patient-provider relationships, and adherence to scheduled outpatient appointment among patients engaged in medical care are contributing factors to noted racial disparities in HIV medical care, which may also be additional factors that provide insight into ART adherence disparities between black and white HIV-positive MSM [13,18-19]. This study explored the association between race, specifically black and white race, and ART adherence among a cohort of newly and previously diagnosed MSM (n=400) in Atlanta, Georgia using baseline survey data. The aim of this analysis was to provide insight into racial disparities in ART adherence among MSM in the United States, a key element of HIV care, prevention, and positive health outcomes for people living with HIV, while also discussing what other factors may be contributing to this disparity. This analysis found a statistically significant adjusted association between race and ART adherence; black MSM are 67% less likely to be ...
Main Findings. In this study of pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, prevalence estimates of medica- tion use differed depending on the information source used and were highest when both maternal report and medical records were utilized. Agreement between maternal report and medical records for medication exposure anytime during pregnancy var- ied depending on the type of medication. Agreement according to kappa coefficients was excellent for biologic and non-biologic disease-modifying anti- rheumatic drugs and for inhaled glucocorticoid/ long-acting beta-agonist combination medications. Agreement was good for montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, and only moderate for prednisone, an oral glucocorticoid, inhaled glucocorticoids, and Table 3. Agreement between maternal report and medical record for rheumatoid arthritis and asthma medications, according to gesta- tional period Anytime During Pregnancy First Trimester Medication Agreementa Maternal Report Only, nb Medical Record Only, nc Agreementa Maternal Report Only, nb Medical Record Only, nc Rheumatoid Arthritis, n = 216 Prednisone 0.44 (0.33, 0.55) 71.3 51 11 0.24 (0.12, 0.36) 69.0 56 11 Hydroxychloroquine 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) 94.0 3 10 0.66 (0.54, 0.79) 89.4 10 13 Sulfasalazine 0.83 (0.70, 0.95) 96.8 3 4 0.69 (0.49, 0.88) 95.8 5 4 Adalimumab 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) 95.8 4 5 0.74 (0.61, 0.88) 94.0 7 6 Etanercept 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) 95.4 3 7 0.71 (0.61, 0.81) 88.0 13 13 Ibuprofen 0.32 (0.15, 0.50) 84.3 20 14 0.21 (0.02, 0.40) 87.5 20 7 Aspirin 0.45 (0.27, 0.64) 89.4 16 7 0.22 (0.02, 0.43) 89.8 18 4 Asthma, n = 172 Prednisone 0.53 (0.34, 0.73) 90.1 12 5 0.24 (—0.06, 0.54) 93.6 8 3 Fluticasone 0.47 (0.24, 0.69) 91.9 14 0 0.12 (—0.11, 0.34) 92.4 12 1 Budesonide 0.57 (0.36, 0.77) 91.9 8 6 0.45 (0.15, 0.75) 94.8 7 2 0.83 (0.73, 0.92) 93.0 10 2 0.47 (0.30, 0.63) 83.7 20 8 0.84 (0.71, 0.96) 96.5 4 2 0.45 (0.18, 0.72) 93.6 10 1 Albuterol 0.21 (0.08, 0.35) 64.5 47 14 0.06 (—0.06, 0.18) 48.8 71 17 Montelukast 0.63 (0.46, 0.80) 91.3 10 5 0.28 (0.06, 0.50) 87.2 13 9 aThe number of women who reported the medication and had the medication in any of their medical records plus the number of women who did not report the medication and did not have the medication in any of their medical records divided by the total number of women. bThe number of women who reported the medication but did not have the medication in any of their medical records. cThe number of women with the medication in any of their medical records who di...
Main Findings. LTS aquaculture will need access to new areas in order to expand. The competition for space is intense in near shore areas, and this drives research and development effort to enable the use of new production areas. However, it is difficult for producers to succeed with aquaculture in offshore/high energy environment due to high costs, technical challenges. From a producer’s perspective, aquaculture expansion into high-energy environments therefore represents a last resort. • The market for LTS aquaculture products is another limiting factor for offshore products. With varying market prices, it is risky to invest into expensive offshore equipment. This is the case as products produced offshore are unlikely to enter a new market and will thus compete with “nearshore” products that involve lower production costs. • Many European countries have not established regulatory framework for offshore aquaculture. This creates a strong barrier for the development of offshore aquaculture. This is the case as, beyond the territorial sea, it will be too risky for companies to invest in aquaculture due to regulatory uncertainty. • Prior to a possible future breakthrough for offshore aquaculture, issues of equity and rights should be given careful consideration to ensure a socially adequate and fair development. In part this would require measures to avoid negative consequences of ownership monopolization through a sea grab of offshore production rights. • A cumbersome application process regarding licences and permits represents a common obstacle for producers, and this impedes expansion of LTS aquaculture. This problem can be reduced by simplifying and standardizing the application processes (“one-stop-shop”) and/or by establishing appropriate guiding services. These measures have been used in some countries and are regarded as effective. • LTS aquaculture is hampered by a negative public perception of aquaculture in many countries. An important reason for this is that public aquaculture discourses often do not differentiate between different aquaculture practices. Efforts to support a more informed public debate could outline environmental benefits of LTS aquaculture. 16 xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xx/state-of-the-art-and-future-development-of-low-trophic-level-species-culture- in-high-energy-environments/ Macroalgae are photosynthetic primary producers which merely require sunlight, sufficient nutrient concentrations in the surrounding ocean and suitable culture condition...
