Main Findings Sample Clauses

Main Findings. This study used an experimental paradigm to explore emotional facial expression and experience in people diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The results support the hypothesis that people with AN show alterations in the expression and experience of emotion which are more severe than shown in people with BN. The findings are consistent with previous research using self report measures which show that people with AN do not express their feelings (e.g. Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010). They are also consistent with studies using different methodologies which found differences in how positive and negative affect is experienced in AN with a general attenuation of positive affect but similar levels of negative affect to control participants (Xxxx et al., 2009; Xxxx et al., 2007). There were no significant differences in response to the neutral film clip, suggesting the emotion eliciting stimuli evoked a differentiated response. An additional finding, which was not included in the initial hypotheses, was that the AN participants looked away significantly more during the negative film clip. One could speculate that looking away was the result of lack of attention or boredom. However, if this was the case one would expect the highest levels of looking away to be in response to the neutral film clip rather than the emotion eliciting clips. Interestingly, the HC looked away mostly in response to the neutral film clip, although this was not a significant effect. Given that the AN participants looked away significantly more in response to the negative film clip could be construed as an attempt to avoid any negative feelings the stimulus was evoking. This interpretation was supported by previous studies which suggest that avoidance in AN is used as a means of reducing affective states (Corstorphine et al., 2007). Alternatively, looking away could be used as a way of hiding negative expression. As the self report literature demonstrates (Xxxxxx et al., 2000) showing negative expression is unacceptable to people with AN due to feared negative consequences. In this study participants were on their own whilst watching the film clips, but were aware of their expressions being filmed. Moreover, Xxxxxxxx (1994) has suggested that even emotional expression that takes place in solitude involves implicit or imagined audiences whereby solitary expression is a means of controlling images projected during imagined social interactions. Results for the BN group showed that they were ge...

Main Findings. The development of the global community has caused development in security of loan application in banking internationally, one of them is security by using Patent. In Article 108 paragraph (1) of Patent Law, it is stated that right on Patent can be used as fiduciary security. The existing regulation indicates that the State supports economic development through granting of loan to Patent holders in order to develop their invention. A Patent Holder shall have an exclusive right to use the Intellectual Property Right by his/herself by using it as security. Implications/Applications: The findings of this study are helpful for the individuals in understanding the aspect of patents and exclusive rights held by the owner in order to secure Intellectual Property.

Main Findings. Our study represents the first report on inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of the EFI and demonstrates high intra- and inter-agreement rate with narrow 95%CIs. More specifically, we confirmed our hypothesis that clinical agreement for the ‘inter-expert’ comparison (primary outcome) was higher than 95%. These results concur with the hypothetical assumption based on the sensitivity analysis on the EFI by Xxxxxxx and Pasta9. In addition, very high agreements were also reported for numerical ‘inter-expert’ agreement, clinical and numerical ‘junior-expert’ and ‘intra-expert’ comparison (secondary outcomes), although not near-to-perfect as for clinical “inter-expert” agreement. In other words, the high reproducibility supports the use of the EFI in daily clinical practice as a very relevant clinical tool for management and counselling of postoperative endometriosis patients on their reproductive outcome. Our study was designed to avoid bias in several ways. First of all, the assessment of the EFI was done based on a combination of patient history information, standardized operative reports and complete photographic series of the operative site, in order to prevent any misclassification of rASRM staging and associated adnexal adhesions as much as possible.5, 21 Second, to blind raters to the personal details of patients, a coded CRF was used for rating instead of the patient file itself. Third, to avoid recall bias, a standardized and anonymized CRF was used. Additionally, ‘en-bloc’ rating sessions, with random order of patient files, were organised for each rater. Fourth, since C.T. had the most experience in calculating the EFI in clinical practice, her first rating was therefore chosen as standard to assess agreement with the second expert (‘inter-expert’), the junior surgeon (‘junior-expert’) and within one rater (‘intra-expert’). Out of the 117 eligible patients, 35 were excluded because they did not have sufficiently detailed photographic documentation. This was not considered as a flaw, but merely a consequence of the fact that the study was conducted in a real life turbulent clinical setting (different surgeons, different operation theatres, technical difficulties etc.). Patients files were only included if photographic documentation (both pre- and postoperative) met the criteria as defined per WERF-EpHect procedures.15 Despite this strict selection, our study population was still representative for the population in our clinic (see result section...

Main Findings. To our knowledge this is the first study comparing the costs of patient controlled remifentanil and epidural analgesia during labour. We assessed the costs of a strategy of patient controlled remifentanil compared to epidural analgesia. Costs were analysed from a health care perspective alongside the RAVEL trial. Mean costs did not differ significantly between the two groups (mean difference -€282 (95% CI -€611 to €47), the largest difference was noted in the costs for neonatal admission. Scenario analyses show that costs of analgesia change when the anaesthetist is present and with continuous one to one nursing with patient controlled remifentanil, increasing the costs of pain relief in the remifentanil allocated group and thus increasing total costs resulting in a smaller difference between groups.

Main Findings. This paper examined the association between caregiver’s access to Anganwadi Center services and the school readiness scores of their children. The only service that was significant in its crude form and then insignificant in its adjusted form was the child going to the Anganwadi center, therefore signifying that the child attending an Anganwadi center was not negatively associated with school readiness in the presence of confounders. After controlling for these confounding variables, mother’s income, mother’s education, child’s gender and caste, parameter estimates did change by 10%, indicating these variables are potential confounders of the relationship between access to community health services and school readiness scores. The mother registering her pregnancy at the Anganwadi Center showed a strong association with improved school readiness among their five-year old children. This coincided with what is found in the literature, as registering the pregnancy in AWCs has shown to increase access to and communication on antenatal care and general maternal nutrition during pregnancy, in addition to safe means of delivery.[50] Children with mothers who received TT (Tetanus Toxoid) vaccinations scored approximately 2 points higher on their adaptive behavior scores and their overall school readiness scores than children with mothers without TT. Additionally, children whose mothers received supplementary nutrition from their Anganwadi center scored between 1 and 2 points higher on school readiness scores than children with mothers who did not receive supplementary nutrition. The nutritional status of both the mother and child affect the child’s early physical and intellectual development. Cross-sectional analysis cannot claim causality between supplemental nutrition and scores, but it does show an association and this association reflects what has been shown in the literature. Supplementary nutrition, intended to increase nutritional intake for both mothers and children, has shown proven improvements in child development. [51] [52]. Additionally, these results suggest that greater access to AWC services in pregnancy may improve children’s school readiness. Other studies have also shown that awareness and utilization of AWC services by pregnant and lactating women, such as getting a TT injection, has contributed to improved developmental outcomes of their children. [53] However, many results deviated from what was expected. Some services such as a village health...

Main Findings. LTS aquaculture will need access to new areas in order to expand. The competition for space is intense in near shore areas, and this drives research and development effort to enable the use of new production areas. However, it is difficult for producers to succeed with aquaculture in offshore/high energy environment due to high costs, technical challenges. From a producer’s perspective, aquaculture expansion into high-energy environments therefore represents a last resort. • The market for LTS aquaculture products is another limiting factor for offshore products. With varying market prices, it is risky to invest into expensive offshore equipment. This is the case as products produced offshore are unlikely to enter a new market and will thus compete with “nearshore” products that involve lower production costs. • Many European countries have not established regulatory framework for offshore aquaculture. This creates a strong barrier for the development of offshore aquaculture. This is the case as, beyond the territorial sea, it will be too risky for companies to invest in aquaculture due to regulatory uncertainty. • Prior to a possible future breakthrough for offshore aquaculture, issues of equity and rights should be given careful consideration to ensure a socially adequate and fair development. In part this would require measures to avoid negative consequences of ownership monopolization through a sea grab of offshore production rights. • A cumbersome application process regarding licences and permits represents a common obstacle for producers, and this impedes expansion of LTS aquaculture. This problem can be reduced by simplifying and standardizing the application processes (“one-stop-shop”) and/or by establishing appropriate guiding services. These measures have been used in some countries and are regarded as effective. • LTS aquaculture is hampered by a negative public perception of aquaculture in many countries. An important reason for this is that public aquaculture discourses often do not differentiate between different aquaculture practices. Efforts to support a more informed public debate could outline environmental benefits of LTS aquaculture. 16 xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xx/state-of-the-art-and-future-development-of-low-trophic-level-species-culture- in-high-energy-environments/ Macroalgae are photosynthetic primary producers which merely require sunlight, sufficient nutrient concentrations in the surrounding ocean and suitable culture condition...

Main Findings. Our study sought to determine the association between individual-­‐ and census tract-­‐level characteristics and history of arrest in the past 12 months. Our study found that MSM who had higher odds of history of arrest were significantly more likely to be younger, less educated, in poverty, to identify as bisexual, have had a male UAI partner, have had a female sex partner, have had exchange sex, and have been homeless in the past 12 months. We also found that current health insurance was associated with lower odds of arrest in our sample. The characteristics in the final model were race (forced to stay in), age, having a male UAI partner, being homeless, and census tract-­‐level education. Potential key variables that were not significantly associated with arrest were past drug use and problem alcohol drinking. Our study found that arrest prevalence did not significantly differ between races. This is in contrast to the general US population, where black men are disproportionately incarcerated compared to white men (Xxxxxx et al., 2014a, 2014b; Xxxxxx et al., 2013; Wakefield & Uggen, 2010). The association between race and arrest in the general population may not be homogenous among MSM in different communities or settings. First, it may be that any significant difference in arrest by race is more difficult to detect because MSM in general are not as likely to be arrested as the general population. For example, a study on substance using men in California found that men reporting sex with other men in the last 30 days were significantly less likely to have ever been arrested and charged than men who had sex with only women (Xxxxxx et al., 2004). Second, it may be that there are no significant racial differences in arrest among MSM in Atlanta. However, there is evidence in the research of significant racial differences in arrest among MSM. Lim et al. (2011) found that MSM from 15 US cities, including Atlanta, who identified as black or Hispanic were more likely to report recent arrest than those who identified as white. A study of young MSM (Xxxxxxxx, Mustanski, Johnson, & Xxxxxxx, 2010) found that young BMSM were significantly more likely to report prior arrest/incarceration than white or Latino young MSM. Likewise, Magnus et al. (2010) reported that among MSM, BMSM were more likely to report having been to jail, prison, or juvenile detention than white or other race MSM. Given we were unable to detect differential arrest by race in our sample, it is poss...

Main Findings. In this study of pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, prevalence estimates of medica- tion use differed depending on the information source used and were highest when both maternal report and medical records were utilized. Agreement between maternal report and medical records for medication exposure anytime during pregnancy var- ied depending on the type of medication. Agreement according to kappa coefficients was excellent for biologic and non-biologic disease-modifying anti- rheumatic drugs and for inhaled glucocorticoid/ long-acting beta-agonist combination medications. Agreement was good for montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, and only moderate for prednisone, an oral glucocorticoid, inhaled glucocorticoids, and Table 3. Agreement between maternal report and medical record for rheumatoid arthritis and asthma medications, according to gesta- tional period Anytime During Pregnancy First Trimester Medication Agreementa Maternal Report Only, nb Medical Record Only, nc Agreementa Maternal Report Only, nb Medical Record Only, nc Rheumatoid Arthritis, n = 216 Prednisone 0.44 (0.33, 0.55) 71.3 51 11 0.24 (0.12, 0.36) 69.0 56 11 Hydroxychloroquine 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) 94.0 3 10 0.66 (0.54, 0.79) 89.4 10 13 Sulfasalazine 0.83 (0.70, 0.95) 96.8 3 4 0.69 (0.49, 0.88) 95.8 5 4 Adalimumab 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) 95.8 4 5 0.74 (0.61, 0.88) 94.0 7 6 Etanercept 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) 95.4 3 7 0.71 (0.61, 0.81) 88.0 13 13 Ibuprofen 0.32 (0.15, 0.50) 84.3 20 14 0.21 (0.02, 0.40) 87.5 20 7 Aspirin 0.45 (0.27, 0.64) 89.4 16 7 0.22 (0.02, 0.43) 89.8 18 4 Asthma, n = 172 Prednisone 0.53 (0.34, 0.73) 90.1 12 5 0.24 (—0.06, 0.54) 93.6 8 3 Fluticasone 0.47 (0.24, 0.69) 91.9 14 0 0.12 (—0.11, 0.34) 92.4 12 1 Budesonide 0.57 (0.36, 0.77) 91.9 8 6 0.45 (0.15, 0.75) 94.8 7 2 0.83 (0.73, 0.92) 93.0 10 2 0.47 (0.30, 0.63) 83.7 20 8 0.84 (0.71, 0.96) 96.5 4 2 0.45 (0.18, 0.72) 93.6 10 1 Albuterol 0.21 (0.08, 0.35) 64.5 47 14 0.06 (—0.06, 0.18) 48.8 71 17 Montelukast 0.63 (0.46, 0.80) 91.3 10 5 0.28 (0.06, 0.50) 87.2 13 9 aThe number of women who reported the medication and had the medication in any of their medical records plus the number of women who did not report the medication and did not have the medication in any of their medical records divided by the total number of women. bThe number of women who reported the medication but did not have the medication in any of their medical records. cThe number of women with the medication in any of their medical records who di...

Main Findings. By observing all sleeping spaces during the household survey and counting sleeping spaces, it was possible to determine the rate of coverage, usage, and ownership of campaign LLINs, the effectiveness of the door-to-door hang-up activities, and barriers to LLIN usage following a free mass-distribution in Nord-Ubangi province. The proportion of households that received at least one campaign LLIN was 100% across all three health districts. Within these households, 48% of sleeping spaces were covered by a campaign LLIN, and 80% of households surveyed reported sleeping under the LLINs every night. When combining the proportion of non-campaign LLINs and campaign LLINs covering sleeping spaces, 48% coverage increases to 69% coverage across all three health districts. Even though the survey participants reported sleeping under the nets every night, 52% of campaign LLINs were not hung, and 20% of households reported not sleeping under a campaign LLIN every night because the LLINs were not hung. Together, these circumstances result in incomplete protection of the population, with only 48% of observed sleeping spaces covered by hanging LLINs. Therefore, the campaign did not achieve its objective of covering 80% of sleeping spaces (universal coverage). The reasons for low sleeping space coverage were ineffective door-to-door hang-up activities; lack of space in the households, sleeping spaces used for other activities during the day, lack of materials to hang LLINs, not enough LLINs for sleeping spaces, and lack of knowledge necessary to hang the LLINs ( especially among older adults). A few households also reported discomfort from heat, allergies to the chemical in the LLINs, and feelings of claustrophobia as barriers to using LLINs. The study showed that door-to-door hang-up campaign activities were not carried out appropriately as planned by the campaign. Of the 305 households surveyed, 280 (92%) hung their own campaign LLINs, compared to only 25 (8%) of households in which at least one campaign LLIN was hung by CHWs. The door-to-door hang-up activities were carried out once during the mass distribution, the CHWs responsibility were to hang at least two LLIN per households while distributing the LLINs. The results indicate that door-to-door hang up assistance did not increase the households’ use of LLINs to the point of achieved universal coverage as planned by the campaign.

Main Findings. Reviewing the literature in Chapter 2, shows that thus far published studies tend to describe the well-known and general characteristics of (non-)attenders, but rarely provide in-depth information on other factors that may influence participation. Non-influenceable determinants as a non-Western migration background, living in a highly urbanised area and with a lower socioeconomic status (SES) background, were most often described as being associated with low(er) cancer screening attendance. Our findings in Chapter 3 also suggest that non-attendance at the cancer screening programmes (CSPs) aiming at breast and colorectal cancer in a highly urbanised area, is linked to living in lower SES-neighbourhoods. Additionally, it is associated with a more unfavourable tumour-stage at diagnosis. In Chapter 4 we present evidence that beliefs and motivations towards the CSPs and CSP attendance are not only different between attenders and non-attenders, but can also differ between subgroups of people holding different perspectives. We identified three different perspectives. Responders holding one specific perspective – those doubting screening attendance and anticipating the potential consequences of the screening results – were in particular open to receive information provided by a general practitioner (GP), or another trusted primary healthcare provider. Chapter 5 can be seen as a ‘proof of concept’ study, in which we showed that a targeted proactive primary care approach for a subpopulation at relatively higher risk on the development of (in this case: cervical) cancer, is needed – sometimes even essential – to enhance screening. In Chapter 6 we concluded that GPs are generally positive about the CSPs and are willing to positively empower the CSPs. The GPs involved suggested several options to improve the current CSPs, especially to increase screening uptake for populations in a socioeconomic or otherwise socially disadvantaged position.