Main Findings. This study used an experimental paradigm to explore emotional facial expression and experience in people diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The results support the hypothesis that people with AN show alterations in the expression and experience of emotion which are more severe than shown in people with BN. The findings are consistent with previous research using self report measures which show that people with AN do not express their feelings (e.g. Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010). They are also consistent with studies using different methodologies which found differences in how positive and negative affect is experienced in AN with a general attenuation of positive affect but similar levels of negative affect to control participants (Xxxx et al., 2009; Xxxx et al., 2007). There were no significant differences in response to the neutral film clip, suggesting the emotion eliciting stimuli evoked a differentiated response. An additional finding, which was not included in the initial hypotheses, was that the AN participants looked away significantly more during the negative film clip. One could speculate that looking away was the result of lack of attention or boredom. However, if this was the case one would expect the highest levels of looking away to be in response to the neutral film clip rather than the emotion eliciting clips. Interestingly, the HC looked away mostly in response to the neutral film clip, although this was not a significant effect. Given that the AN participants looked away significantly more in response to the negative film clip could be construed as an attempt to avoid any negative feelings the stimulus was evoking. This interpretation was supported by previous studies which suggest that avoidance in AN is used as a means of reducing affective states (Corstorphine et al., 2007). Alternatively, looking away could be used as a way of hiding negative expression. As the self report literature demonstrates (Xxxxxx et al., 2000) showing negative expression is unacceptable to people with AN due to feared negative consequences. In this study participants were on their own whilst watching the film clips, but were aware of their expressions being filmed. Moreover, Xxxxxxxx (1994) has suggested that even emotional expression that takes place in solitude involves implicit or imagined audiences whereby solitary expression is a means of controlling images projected during imagined social interactions. Results for the BN group showed that they were ge...
Main Findings. Our study sought to determine the association between individual-‐ and census tract-‐level characteristics and history of arrest in the past 12 months. Our study found that MSM who had higher odds of history of arrest were significantly more likely to be younger, less educated, in poverty, to identify as bisexual, have had a male UAI partner, have had a female sex partner, have had exchange sex, and have been homeless in the past 12 months. We also found that current health insurance was associated with lower odds of arrest in our sample. The characteristics in the final model were race (forced to stay in), age, having a male UAI partner, being homeless, and census tract-‐level education. Potential key variables that were not significantly associated with arrest were past drug use and problem alcohol drinking. Race Our study found that arrest prevalence did not significantly differ between races. This is in contrast to the general US population, where black men are disproportionately incarcerated compared to white men (Xxxxxx et al., 2014a, 2014b; Xxxxxx et al., 2013; Wakefield & Xxxxx, 2010). The association between race and arrest in the general population may not be homogenous among MSM in different communities or settings. First, it may be that any significant difference in arrest by race is more difficult to detect because MSM in general are not as likely to be arrested as the general population. For example, a study on substance using men in California found that men reporting sex with other men in the last 30 days were significantly less likely to have ever been arrested and charged than men who had sex with only women (Xxxxxx et al., 2004). Second, it may be that there are no significant racial differences in arrest among MSM in Atlanta. However, there is evidence in the research of significant racial differences in arrest among MSM. Xxx et al. (2011) found that MSM from 15 US cities, including Atlanta, who identified as black or Hispanic were more likely to report recent arrest than those who identified as white. A study of young MSM (Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2010) found that young BMSM were significantly more likely to report prior arrest/incarceration than white or Latino young MSM. Likewise, Xxxxxx et al. (2010) reported that among MSM, BMSM were more likely to report having been to jail, prison, or juvenile detention than white or other race MSM. Given we were unable to detect differential arrest by race in our sample, it is...
Main Findings. The development of the global community has caused development in security of loan application in banking internationally, one of them is security by using Patent. In Article 108 paragraph (1) of Patent Law, it is stated that right on Patent can be used as fiduciary security. The existing regulation indicates that the State supports economic development through granting of loan to Patent holders in order to develop their invention. A Patent Holder shall have an exclusive right to use the Intellectual Property Right by his/herself by using it as security. Implications/Applications: The findings of this study are helpful for the individuals in understanding the aspect of patents and exclusive rights held by the owner in order to secure Intellectual Property. Keywords: Patents, accounts payable, collateral, loan, intellectual property, credit.
Main Findings. In this study of pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, prevalence estimates of medica- tion use differed depending on the information source used and were highest when both maternal report and medical records were utilized. Agreement between maternal report and medical records for medication exposure anytime during pregnancy var- ied depending on the type of medication. Agreement according to kappa coefficients was excellent for biologic and non-biologic disease-modifying anti- rheumatic drugs and for inhaled glucocorticoid/ long-acting beta-agonist combination medications. Agreement was good for montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, and only moderate for prednisone, an oral glucocorticoid, inhaled glucocorticoids, and Table 3. Agreement between maternal report and medical record for rheumatoid arthritis and asthma medications, according to gesta- tional period Anytime During Pregnancy First Trimester Medication Agreementa Maternal Report Only, nb Medical Record Only, nc Agreementa Maternal Report Only, nb Medical Record Only, nc Rheumatoid Arthritis, n = 216 Prednisone 0.44 (0.33, 0.55) 71.3 51 11 0.24 (0.12, 0.36) 69.0 56 11 Hydroxychloroquine 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) 94.0 3 10 0.66 (0.54, 0.79) 89.4 10 13 Sulfasalazine 0.83 (0.70, 0.95) 96.8 3 4 0.69 (0.49, 0.88) 95.8 5 4 Adalimumab 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) 95.8 4 5 0.74 (0.61, 0.88) 94.0 7 6 Etanercept 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) 95.4 3 7 0.71 (0.61, 0.81) 88.0 13 13 Ibuprofen 0.32 (0.15, 0.50) 84.3 20 14 0.21 (0.02, 0.40) 87.5 20 7 Aspirin 0.45 (0.27, 0.64) 89.4 16 7 0.22 (0.02, 0.43) 89.8 18 4 Asthma, n = 172 Prednisone 0.53 (0.34, 0.73) 90.1 12 5 0.24 (—0.06, 0.54) 93.6 8 3 Fluticasone 0.47 (0.24, 0.69) 91.9 14 0 0.12 (—0.11, 0.34) 92.4 12 1 Budesonide 0.57 (0.36, 0.77) 91.9 8 6 0.45 (0.15, 0.75) 94.8 7 2 0.83 (0.73, 0.92) 93.0 10 2 0.47 (0.30, 0.63) 83.7 20 8 0.84 (0.71, 0.96) 96.5 4 2 0.45 (0.18, 0.72) 93.6 10 1 Albuterol 0.21 (0.08, 0.35) 64.5 47 14 0.06 (—0.06, 0.18) 48.8 71 17 Montelukast 0.63 (0.46, 0.80) 91.3 10 5 0.28 (0.06, 0.50) 87.2 13 9 aThe number of women who reported the medication and had the medication in any of their medical records plus the number of women who did not report the medication and did not have the medication in any of their medical records divided by the total number of women. bThe number of women who reported the medication but did not have the medication in any of their medical records. cThe number of women with the medication in any of their medical records who di...
Main Findings. 4. PRODERNEA represents the continuation of efforts undertaken in the north-east by the Programme of Credit and Technical Support for Small Producers in North-east Argentina (PNEA), the first programme devoted to smallholder farming in the region. The implementation of the project was strongly marked by an extremely variable social, economic and political environment, including a deep-seated economic and financial crisis that unfolded in 2001, various development approaches, and highly diverse national and sectoral policies, all of which generated an unfavourable environment for rural development. Despite the above the project achieved most of its objectives – although with some limitations – and produced a number of complementary results and positive externalities in relation to the institutionalization and enhanced visibility of the smallholder farming sector
Main Findings. 4. The CPE covers the 1998 and 2007 country strategic opportunities programmes (COSOPs), whose objectives were to increase farmers’ assets and knowledge and promote better natural resource management. The review period (2005-2012) coincides with the changes that have taken place in Bolivia since 2006.
Main Findings. Accomplishments, Priorities by Supervision area, and for the Program as a Whole Overall, the project has had a significant impact on improving immediate and appropriate breastfeeding practices, immunization rates, and caretaking practices during episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infections. All SAs met the respective benchmarks for 10 of the 13 project matrix indicators, and the combined frequency for 8 of the 13 indicators has already met or exceeded the final target for that indicator. The LQAS performed at the end of the first year (LQAS1) revealed that all SAs performed adequately with regard to every indicator other than the water treatment indicator, in which only SA1 failed to meet the benchmark for year 1. There were, however, a few changes in the results noted in this midterm LQAS from LQAS1. The percentage of infants aged 6-9 months receiving breast milk and complementary foods was found to be lower than the result found in LQAS1, with SA2 and SA4 not meeting their benchmarks set for the midterm. While the indicator for the percentage of children 6-23m who received a dose of Vitamin A in the last 6 months is still very high and at the level of the final target chosen for the project, SA1 did not meet the midterm benchmark for this indicator in this LQAS. The percentage of mothers protected from Tetanus was reduced from the end of year one, and SA1 did not meet the midterm benchmark set for this indicator. There continues to be difficulty regarding the treatment of drinking water, with all 4 SAs not meeting the midterm benchmark. Addressing quality of drinking water will require targeting communities drinking from streams and rivers with water hygiene education messages and targeting communities with hand pumps with the means to successfully chlorinate hand pumps regularly. The results, listed by intervention area, are discussed below.
Main Findings. By observing all sleeping spaces during the household survey and counting sleeping spaces, it was possible to determine the rate of coverage, usage, and ownership of campaign LLINs, the effectiveness of the door-to-door hang-up activities, and barriers to LLIN usage following a free mass-distribution in Nord-Ubangi province. The proportion of households that received at least one campaign LLIN was 100% across all three health districts. Within these households, 48% of sleeping spaces were covered by a campaign LLIN, and 80% of households surveyed reported sleeping under the LLINs every night. When combining the proportion of non-campaign LLINs and campaign LLINs covering sleeping spaces, 48% coverage increases to 69% coverage across all three health districts. Even though the survey participants reported sleeping under the nets every night, 52% of campaign LLINs were not hung, and 20% of households reported not sleeping under a campaign LLIN every night because the LLINs were not hung. Together, these circumstances result in incomplete protection of the population, with only 48% of observed sleeping spaces covered by hanging LLINs. Therefore, the campaign did not achieve its objective of covering 80% of sleeping spaces (universal coverage). The reasons for low sleeping space coverage were ineffective door-to-door hang-up activities; lack of space in the households, sleeping spaces used for other activities during the day, lack of materials to hang LLINs, not enough LLINs for sleeping spaces, and lack of knowledge necessary to hang the LLINs ( especially among older adults). A few households also reported discomfort from heat, allergies to the chemical in the LLINs, and feelings of claustrophobia as barriers to using LLINs. The study showed that door-to-door hang-up campaign activities were not carried out appropriately as planned by the campaign. Of the 305 households surveyed, 280 (92%) hung their own campaign LLINs, compared to only 25 (8%) of households in which at least one campaign LLIN was hung by CHWs. The door-to-door hang-up activities were carried out once during the mass distribution, the CHWs responsibility were to hang at least two LLIN per households while distributing the LLINs. The results indicate that door-to-door hang up assistance did not increase the households’ use of LLINs to the point of achieved universal coverage as planned by the campaign.
Main Findings. Defined physical distancing and the ways to achieve the distancing and reduce crowding The first main findings was that most of the regions and countries defined a certain physical distancing and suggested in detail how to achieve the distancing and reduce crowding. These detailed guidelines regarding physical distancing are considered to reflect distinctive risk factors on the spread of COVID-19 in food-producing workplaces.
Main Findings. Effect of interventions on depressive symptoms (Hypothesis 1) Hypothesis 1 was partially supported. Consistent with hypothesis 1, the present study showed that both mindfulness and relaxation interventions led to reduced depressive symptoms among currently depressed patients, and the results were maintained at follow-up. The finding that the mindfulness intervention contributed to reduced depressive symptoms among currently depressed patients adds to a growing body of evidence (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2009; Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 2008; Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2006; Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2007) suggesting that mindfulness interventions can successfully reduce symptoms of depression in currently symptomatic patients. It also corroborates research that has suggested an association between mindfulness practice and lower levels of negative emotions (Xxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2010). The finding that relaxation also led to reduced depressive symptoms at post- intervention and follow-up is in line with a recent review on the effects of relaxation for depression showing that relaxation reduced self-reported depressive symptoms compared to waitlist and no treatment (Jorm et al., 2008), and with previous studies showing that relaxation interventions led to decreases in psychological distress among community samples (Xxxx, Xxxxxx-Xxxx, & Xxxxx, 2009; Xxxx et al., 2007). However, contrary to hypothesis 1, there was no significant difference between the mindfulness and relaxation groups on depressive symptoms at post-intervention or follow-up. This finding is consistent with previous studies showing no significant differences between the effects of mindfulness and relaxation training on psychological distress (Xxxx et al., 2009; Xxxx et al., 2007). The finding that both interventions led to similarly reduced symptoms was not accounted for by amount of practice, as there were no significant differences between the two groups on practice time during the active intervention and follow-up stages. The fact that relaxation produced similar effects to mindfulness in the reduction of depressive symptoms might be explained by several factors. Relaxation might have served as a distraction, and according to the response styles theory (Xxxxx- Xxxxxxxx, 1991, 2000; Xxxxx-Xxxxxxxx et al., 2008) distractive behaviours decrease depressive mood both by preventing individuals from focusing on negative thoughts and feelings, and by increasing opportunities for positive reinforcement through en...
