Cultural differences forms of address; formulas used in greeting and bidding farewell; differences among Spanish-speaking countries. Written communication: sender and addressee: addressing envelopes and filling out registered-mail forms. Final assignment: completion of a data-file. UNIT 2: Location. Hands-on content: requesting and providing information concerning an address; requesting and providing information concerning the location of places and objects; expressing quantity; expressing interest in and a liking for; requesting confirmation of what has been stated or written. Subject-content: the city concerned; departments within a company; office contents; arithmetic
Cultural differences. It includes looks, dress styles, smells, colours, and style/format of response. In MOST cases these factor have little to do with ability to do a task.
Cultural differences. 8. Denial
Cultural differences. Cultural differences in the occurrence of childhood physical abuse have not been extensively investigated, which makes it difficult to formulate hypotheses regarding variation in reported prevalence. Inspiration for such hypotheses comes from research on physical discipline, which can be seen as one end of a continuum of unpleasant parental behaviors with physical abuse on the other end (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1997). Parents who physically discipline their children are at greater risk for physically abusing their children (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2008). The perception of greater normativeness of physical discipline strategies seems to be related to more frequent use of this strategy (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010), and to disregarding physically abusive behaviors such as slapping, hitting, or spanking as physical abuse (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2008). Therefore, it may be expected that the prevalence of physical abuse is higher in cultures in which physical discipline is an acceptable strategy, such as in Africa and Asia (Mbagaya, 2010; Xxxxxx, Heiman, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 1999). Poverty or low socioeconomic status (SES) might be another factor contributing to a higher prevalence of child physical abuse because a lack of resources causes stress for parents and this could in turn increase the use of harsh and abusive physical discipline (Xxxxxx-Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 1996; Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxx, 1994; Xxxxxx, Xxx XXxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxxxx, in press). A large family size increases family stress, is a strain on family resources (Xxxxx, Xxx XXxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxxxx, 2011), and is found to be related to child physical abuse (Xxxxx et al. 2009). Both poverty and large family sizes are more common in low-resource than in high-resource countries. Accordingly, we may expect to find higher prevalences of child physical abuse in low-resource countries compared to high-resource countries. On the more positive side, Xxxxxx (1991) describes that the embeddedness of child rearing in social networks, which is common in many parts of the world, may serve as a protective factor for maltreatment. Social networks provide opportunities for assistance with child rearing tasks, diminishing the chance of harsh parenting. Further, unwanted children, who are at higher risk for maltreatment than children who are wished for, can be informally fostered or adopted by members of the social network. Lastly, the regular involvement of others in child...
