Discussion and Conclusion. All indices discussed in this article can be defended and have their use, but their meanings are not alike. We wish to demon- strate these differences from an example, trying to capture each index’s meaning in nontechnical terminology. We study a mea- surement system producing measurement values on a five-point nominal scale. The distribution of the true values P and the dis- system M (with aM classes). Let its reproducibility be charac- terized by νM , and let A νM (the largest integer strictly smaller than νM ) and B νM A. We construct a hypotheti- cal system N that has identical reproducibility as M, but clearly interpretable properties. System N measures on a (A 1)-point scale. It is applied in a population of objects with distribution PN = (1/(A + 1), 1/(A + 1),..., 1/(A + 1)). The stochastic properties of N are specified by the (A + 1) × (A + 1) matrix + = − = ⎝ ] 1 ··· 0 0 0
Discussion and Conclusion. References
Discussion and Conclusion. Any measure of ecological quality or status is of little value without some knowledge of its level of uncertainty. To measure the uncertainty on lake assessment, it is important to have an understanding of the variability of the metric value (Xxxxxx et al., 2006). To estimate this variability within metric values and to quantify the different components, especially the variability due to sampling, the WISER project organized a replicate field sampling program. This design allows to accurately estimate the sampling variability of the metric values. Here we conducted a time-for-space analysis in which we use an existing long term data series of 23 years of macroinvertebrate data and abiotic variables of a Dutch shallow lake. When we take the entire dataset into account (1981-2004) a large proportion of the total variation (70%) in the MM values can be attributed to changes in abiotic factors, especially chlorophlyll A. The higher the chlorophyll A concentration the lower the values of MM. The remaining 30 % can’t be explained by this model, and is the unexplained variation. This can also be expressed as the standard deviation of the residuals (SDr) which is 0.04. For the values of % EPT abundance abiotic factors NH4, NO3 and chlorophyll A explain the majority of the variation (80%). The unexplained variation in %EPT abundance is related to different sources, such as sampling variation, taxonomic identification errors, natural temporal variation or unknown sources. Due to lack of information about these sources we cannot divide this unexplained variation any further. That’s why the value that we found for the SDr value of %EPT abundance (0.11) is larger than the value that Xxxxxx et al. (2006) found for the average sampling SD for % EPT abundance (0.031) of samples taken with the RIVPACS method in different Austrian river. Afterall, sampling variation is just a part of the total unexplained variation we found. Similar to Xxxxxx et al. (2006) we find that EPT abundance, one of the individual component metrics of MM has a larger variance than multimetric MM. Because the lower SDr of MM, the Multimetric MM has a higher precision to estimate the ecological status of a lake. Another method to improve the insights on variability or uncertainty is to use a subset of data of the stable period of the lake. This way the SDt will be smaller and is a better estimate of unexplained variation. If we look at the values of MM we notice that the total variability in the value...
Discussion and Conclusion. Discussion
Discussion and Conclusion. Inviting a wide variety of stakeholders from different sectors to the MOVE pre-conference meant that the discussions that were held were very enriching for all involved, allowing participants to exchange and discuss with other participants coming from a different perspective and professional background. The recommendations that have come out of the discussions come from experienced professionals who are familiar with European (and international) youth mobility, and should be seriously considered at both European and national levels.
Discussion and Conclusion. PK of drugs in the CNS is governed by a combination of CNS system physiology and drug properties. This means that variability in CNS system physiological parameters (condition dependency) may lead to variability of CNS drug PK. Therefore, it is important to explicitly distinguish between system physiology and drug properties, by either changing conditions and investigating the PK of one drug, or investigating the PK of different drugs in the same condition. The currently available predictive approaches are based on total drug plasma and total tissue concentrations at equilibrium (SS), while more recent approaches include, at best, unbound plasma SS concentrations. However, as body processes are based on the interaction with the unbound drug and are time-dependent, it is crucial to measure the unbound drug in each compartment as a function of time (Mastermind Research 2 Approach (MRA)) (4), for which microdialysis has been proven the key technique. Using the MRA, microdialysis will provide lots of valuable data that pave the way towards a generic CNS PBPK model. One microdialysis experiment in a single freely-moving animal can provide a lot of data points, obtained under the same experimental condition of the animal, and thereby revealing the interrelationships of processes. With this microdialysis has already contributed to reduction and refinement in the use of animals. Furthermore, all this information can further be “condensed” into a generic PBPK model, and will thereby help in the reduction in the future use of animals (189). In order to be able to predict CNS drug effects in human, next steps would be the development of a full PBPK CNS drug distribution model, and combining it with target binding kinetics, receptor occupancy and signal transduction (190,191), and including system changes by human disease condition.
Discussion and Conclusion. The main results of the present study showed good agreement and reproducibility between the velocities determined by the CV, AT, and simu- lated time trial on the track with the real-time of a 10-km official race. These results corroborate the findings of another study (Xxxxx, et al., 2014), which analyzed the predictive capacity of the AT determined in the laboratory and Montreal Test (MT) (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1980) for performance
Discussion and Conclusion. The main topic of this article is the phonological properties of morphemes of the same nominal class in Fròʔò, the most striking aspect being the presence of recurrent articulatory features for each inflectional class, a case of alliterative concord. This pattern arises when several functional morphemes of the same class are linearized. The best answer of morphology is to reproduce the pairing between class and phonological features each time a function word is present. In (57), a longer sequence of functional morphemes, the same pairing is reproduced six times.
Discussion and Conclusion. This section must present the significance of results and their relation to the aims of the study. In addition, how the findings of the study affect what we know about the subject must be explained by citing the relevant literature. ☐ ☐
Discussion and Conclusion. Our results showed that the driving factors affecting macroinvertebrate diversity were first the lake zone and second the eutrophication status. This probably reflect the fact that macroinvertebrate taxa of the three zones are taxonomically and functionally (as habit and food preferences, cf. Cummins & Wilzbach 1985, Xxxxxxx & Cummins 1996) different. In the xxxxx eulittoral, most of taxa (oligochaetes, bivalves and some chironomids) were borrowing and collector/shedder elements, whereas the macrophyte-associated taxa (such as acariens, large crustaceans, several order of insects, gastropods) containing high numbers of mobile forms (climbers, sprawlers and swimmers) and scraper/shredder/piercer forms. In the profundal zone, macroinvertebrates showed again a predominance of burrowers and collectors/shedders. Predators were present in all three zones. Despite these general observations, no qualitative metric based on functional feeding group was correlated coherently with the pressure gradient, suggesting that those metrics might be valuable only coupled with organism abundance estimates. The multivariate analysis also suggest that communities belonging the three zones should be treated separately to get an unbiased information on macroinvertebrate responses to disturbances. It is known that, besides the nutrient enrichment, the profundal community can be affected by hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and/or sediment toxic contamination (Bazzanti & Xxxxxxxx 1987b, Lafont et al. 2010). The macroinvertebrate associated with the infralittoral vegetation are mainly affected by water transparency related to trophic status (Xxx & Xxxxxxx 1988, Xxxxxxxxxx et al. 1999), whereas the eulittoral community can be also affected by hydromorphological alterations (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 1998, Xxxxxx et al. 2007). Metrics based on lake zone specific sensitive and tolerant taxa and on molluscan+large crustacean taxa (MOLCRUR and related) are potentially suitable to assess ecological status because their values decreased with disturbance and provided separation of the lakes situated at the extremes of the trophic scale. Because the presence of species along the lakes with different trophic levels depends by the availability of suitable habitats, the list of trophic sensitive taxa varies according to the lake zone. Additionally, as already stated, the assemblages of the three lake zones are not responding in the same way to eutrophication. As previously stated, in addition to eutrophicat...
