Fungi. Chemistry of phytotoxins During the coevolution between host plant and pathogens, fungi have developed their own biochemical strategies to survive. Some pathogens have developed different ways to detoxify phytoalexins by means of some enzymes which convert these compounds to less toxic derivatives, others have developed mechanisms to suppress the defense response of the host plant making the plant unable to prevent the entering of the pathogen (Pedras et al., 2002). Certain fungal pathogens, especially in the genus Alternaria, produce low molecular weight compounds known as host- specific or host selective toxins (HSTs) that determine their host range and contribute to their virulence or pathogenicity (Pedras et al., 2000). HSTs are very useful for the study of the mechanism underlying host specificity in parasitism, being reliable substitutes for the pathogens that produce them (Xxxxx et al., 1995). Nine examples of HST-producing pathogens have been documented and many Alternaria HSTs have been isolated and identified (Xxxxx et al., 1998; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 1999). Inoculation of Arabidopsis leaves with conidial suspension of the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea results in the production of a new phytotoxin (botrydial) (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2001) (Figure 2.3). The highly virulent isolates from the blackleg fungus P. lingam produce the phytotoxins phomalide and sirodesmins (Figure 2.3), while avirulent isolates produce metabolites with low phytotoxicity such as phomapyrone A (Pedras et al., 1999; Xxxxxx and Chumala, 2005). Phomalairdenone, a new host-selective phytotoxin was isolated and elucidated from the virulent isolates of the blackleg fungus, P. lingam (Xxxxxx et al., 1999). Recently phomapyrones D-G, phomenin B, infectopyrone and polanarizine B and C were isolated from the fungal pathogen L. maculans. The biosynthesis pathways and the biological activity of these phomapyrones were discussed (Pedras and Chumala, 2005). The long term study of the interaction between the fungus L. maculans and Brassica plants revealed that the sirodesmin, phomalirazine, and phomalide are the major and the most important phytotoxic compounds from L. maculans (Pedras et al., 1990; Pedras and Biesenthal, 2000). The fungus A. brassicae causing black leaf spots to brassicas, produces in culture an HST which is toxic only to Brassica spp. Its structure is identical to a cyclic peptide, destruxin B, which is also produced by Metarhiziun anisopiae, a fungus pathogenic on insects. Bras...
Fungi. Includes but is not limited to, any form or type if mold, yeast, mushroom or mildew whether or not allergenic, pathogenic or toxigenic, and any substance, vapour or gas produced by, emitted from or arising out of any Fungi or Spores or resultant mycotoxins, allergens, or pathogens. Green Products, materials, methods and processes certified by a Green Authority that conserve natural resources, reduce energy or water consumption, avoid toxic or other polluting emissions or otherwise minimize environmental impact. Green Authority An authority on Green buildings, materials, methods or processes certified and accepted by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®), Green Building Initiative Green Globes, Energy Star Rating System or any other recognized Green rating system in Canada. Media The material on which Data is recorded or stored, such as magnetic tapes, disc packs, paper tapes and cards used in processing units. Money Currency, coins, bank-notes, or bullion. Money includes but is not limited to travellers cheques, register cheques and Money orders which you hold for sale to the public. Named Peril
Fungi. Coverage is excluded from Loss caused by, and expense from, Mold or other fungi. This includes any cost for testing, monitoring, repair, remediation, rebuilding, restoration, or replacement due to Mold or other fungi.
Fungi. This policy does not cover any claim caused by, arising out of, contributed to or resulting from or produced by:
