Safety, handling and storage Sample Clauses

Safety, handling and storage. The long-term storage and the handling of large amounts of biomass fuel present a number of significant new challenges to the power plant operators. Unlike coal, most biomass fuels should not be stored outside on the coal yard. Most biomass materials tend to absorb water when exposed to the weather, and this can affect their physical properties. There is also a tendency for organic compounds to be dissolved in the leaching liquors from large open stockpiles of biomass. Many biomass materials contain significant levels of fines, and these can give rise to fugitive dust emissions from fuel reception and storage/handling facilities. Biomass materials in stock piles also have a tendency to self-heating. This occurs especially at higher moisture contents and is caused by exothermal processes whose heat of reaction cannot be dissipated. These processes can be promoted by: - an elevated temperature during/before storage; - long storage times; - high storage volume; - high altitude of the stock; - inappropriate ratio of stock volume and surface; - storage of mixed fuels; - forming of rat-holing or arching in fuel silos. Stored biomass may emit certain gases like CO, CO2, CH4, etc. These can form explosive gas/air mixtures, and at a certain concentration can be harmful to the operating personnel. In addition biomass dust can form explosive mixtures with air, especially during transportation, conveying and moving the fuel within storage buildings. ATEX measures and zoning are mandatory when firing dry dusty biomass like wood pellets. The ignition and explosion characteristics of biomass fuel may exceed the known limits of more familiar solid fuels, and special attention and additional equipment may be necessary. In either case, the ignition and explosion limits of the biomass fuel have to be known in order to adapt the safety measures. For the biomass fuel and its deposited dust these are: - inflammability and flammability; - smouldering temperature; - spontaneous ignition temperature. And for its suspended dust: - explosiveness (explosion limits); - ignition temperature; - minimum ignition energy; - maximum explosion overpressure; - maximum rise in explosion pressure. Recommendations on the prevention of self-ignition, on the storage of biomass and the equipment for prevention of fire and explosions can be found in the VGB-Standards ‘’R108: Fire Protection in Power Plants” (10), “Fire and Explosion Protection in Biomass Fired Power Plants” (11) as well as in “Healt...
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