Contemporary Beluga Whale Hunting Sample Clauses

Contemporary Beluga Whale Hunting. 18 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 22 4.1 Biological Model of Effects of Harvest on the Recovery Time of CI Beluga Whales 22
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Contemporary Beluga Whale Hunting. In the late 1700's there were about 5,000 or more people around the Cook Inlet area (Xxxxxxxx, 1975). Today there are only about 1,000 people of Xxxx’xxx ancestry living in the villages of Eklutna, Knik, Kenai, Seldovia, Tyonek, Xxxxx Bay, Nondalton, Lime Village, and Stony River, as well as in Anchorage. About 60 percent of Alaska’s population lives within the traditional lands of the Xxxx’xxx (Matanuska Valley, Anchorage Municipality, and the Kenai Peninsula). In this dynamic region, about 30,000 people are Alaska Natives. The Cook Inlet marine mammal hunters who xxxx beluga whales consist of (1) the Xxxx’xxx of Tyonek, who continue their historical hunting of belugas near their village, (2) hunters who have lived in other parts of Alaska, but have made the Cook Inlet area their home, and (3) visitors to the Cook Inlet area from other parts of the state. As the participants increase in these hunter groups, the demand for CI beluga whale grew. However, the actual number of CI beluga whale hunters is unknown due to the dispersal of hunting “communities” and hunting locations. The number of Eskimo, or non-area, hunters greatly exceeds that of the Cook Inlet tribal hunters, although no detailed estimates exist. NMFS believes there were approximately 16 Eskimo whaling crews in 1997. The CIMMC has estimated the number of people currently hunting beluga whales to be approximately 50. It is common for whalers to be accompanied by friends and relatives while on hunting trips. Of the six Cook Inlet Treaty Tribes and villages, only the Native village of Tyonek has regularly harvested beluga whales in recent history. Tyonek’s harvest of beluga whales has been modest; residents there report about six to seven whales were taken annually during the 1930's and 1940's, but very little beluga hunting occurred between the 1940's and the late 1970's (Xxxxxx, 1994). About three were taken in 1979, and one whale was harvested annually between 1981 and 1983 (ADFG, undated). Recently, Tyonek’s harvest has averaged one to two beluga whales each year. The Beluga and Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx are major hunting areas for this village. Beluga whales are now hunted with high powered rifles from April through October. Most of the hunting occurs between May and August at the Susitna Delta area (Little Susitna River, west to the Beluga River). Hunters use small motorboats launched from Anchorage to access these camps and xxxx in or near the river mouths. Crews are often small, two to four persons...
Contemporary Beluga Whale Hunting. In the late 1700's there were about 5,000 or more people around the CI area (Xxxxxxxx, 1975). Today there are only about 1,000 people of Xxxx’xxx ancestry living in the villages of Eklutna, Knik, Kenai, Seldovia, Tyonek, Xxxxx Bay, Nondalton, Lime Village, and Stony River, as well as in Anchorage. About 60 percent of Alaska’s population lives within the traditional lands of the Xxxx’xxx (Matanuska Valley, Anchorage Municipality, and the Kenai Peninsula). In this dynamic region, about 30,000 people are Alaska Natives. The CI marine mammal hunters who xxxx beluga whales consist of (1) the Xxxx’xxx of Tyonek, who continue their historical hunting of belugas near their village, (2) hunters who have lived in other parts of Alaska, but have made the CI area their home, and

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Bank syariah pada dasarnya telah melakukan serangkaian upaya inovasi, salah satunya adalah dengan melakukan “rekayasa” (engineering) terhadap akad- akad dalam fiqh muamalah. Beberapa akad dalam fiqh muamalah tidak begitu saja diadopsi oleh perbankan syariah, namun juga “diadaptasikan” dengan kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap xxxx-xxxx perbankan. Rekayasa xxx adaptasi ini memang sebuah keniscayaan, karena jika adopsi dilakukan secara apa adanya maka produk bank syariah diragukan dapat memberikan manfaat yang tepat bagi masyarakat. Prinsip keleluasan bermuamalah dalam Islam merupakan modal utama untuk menghadapi kompleksitas permasalahan ekonomi serta besarnya tuntutan masyarakat akan peran perbankan syariah.1 Dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat xxx mengembangkan industri perbankan xxx keuangan xxxx xxxx kompetitif, inovasi dalam berbisnis yang dilakukan oleh perbankan syariah melalui serangkaian adaptasi tersebut memang sudah menjadi tuntutan bisnis. Sebagai contoh dapat dikemukakan xxxxxx xxxx kartu kredit syariah, asuransi syariah, obligasi syariah, FX iB, xxx Islamic Swap. Produk-produk dalam kegiatan keuangan syariah tersebut mengandung beberapa akad. Sebagai contoh, dalam transaksi kartu kredit syariah terdapat akad ijarah, qardh, xxx kafalah. Obligasi syariah mengandung sekurang-kurangnya akad mudharabah (atau ijarah) xxx wakalah, serta terkadang disertai kafalah atau wa’d. Islamic swap mengandung beberapa kali akad tawarruq, bay‘, wakalah, xxxxx, xxx terkadang disertai wa’d.2 Dalam setiap transaksi, akad-akad tersebut dilakukan secara bersamaan atau setidak-tidaknya setiap akad yang terdapat dalam suatu produk tidak bisa ditinggalkan, karena kesemuanya merupakan satu kesatuan. Transaksi seperti 1 Xxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxx, “Konstruksi Akad dalam Pengembangan Produk Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia”, Al-‘Adalah, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Juni, 2015), 493. 2 Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, “Multiakad dalam Transaksi Syariah Kontemporer pada Lembaga Keuangan Syariah di Indonesia”, Al-Iqtishad, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Januari, 2011), 156. inilah yang dikenal dengan istilah multiakad (Indonesia) atau hybrid contract (Inggris) atau al-’uqud al-murakkabah (Arab). Hybrid contract merupakan perbincangan yang masih hangat dikalangan para cendikiawan muslim untuk menentukan keabsahan hukumnya. Pendapat pertama mengatakan hukumnya mubah berdasar kaidah fiqh al-ashlu fi al-mu’amalat al-ibahah (hukum asal muamalah adalah boleh). Pendapat kedua mengharamkan berdasarkan dengan hadits-hadits yang mengharamkan dua jual beli dalam satu jual beli (bai’ataini fi bai’atin), atau mengharamkan dua akad dalam satu akad (shafqatain fi shafqatin).3 Sebagai entitas bisnis yang menjadi bagian penting dalam sistem ekonomi syariah sebagai induknya, tentunya industri perbankan syariah tidak boleh keluar dari nilai-nilai syariah. Melakukan inovasi memang tuntutan bisnis, namun menjaga shariah compliance juga menjadi kewajiban bagi setiap pelaku bisnis syariah, tidak terkecuali perbankan syariah. Profit-oriented hanya boleh dijadikan sebagai media (tool) untuk mencapai tujuan (goal), yaitu benefit-oriented. Produk bank syari’ah seyogyanya memiliki multi benefit, yaitu: material benefit, emotional benefit, xxx spiritual benefit.4 Mengacu pada kondisi tersebut, maka inovasi produk perbankan syariah setidaknya memerhatikan inovasi dalam dua dimensi, yaitu dimensi ekonomi xxx dimensi sosial. Inovasi dalam dimensi ekonomi artinya bahwa produk perbankan syariah harus mampu menghadirkan produk yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, sehingga bank syariah menjadi pilihan utama masyarakat. Jika hal ini dapat dilakukan, maka fungsi-fungsi bank syariah akan mampu memainkan perannya sebagai intermediary institution. Pada dimensi sosial, sebagai produsen jasa keuangan syariah, bank syariah bertanggung jawab untuk melakukan edukasi terhadap perilaku masyarakat. Bank syariah xxx masyarakat xxxxxx melekat xxx memengaruhi satu dengan yang lain. Pada satu sisi, bank syariah melalui pola inovasinya harus mampu “men-syariah- kan” perilaku masyarakat, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan lembaga 3 Najamuddin, “Al-‘Uqud Al-Murakkabah dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah”, Jurnal Syariah, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Oktober, 2013), 6.

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