CONTEXT OF THE STUDY Sample Clauses
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CONTEXT OF THE STUDY. The Government of Ethiopia has secured financial resources from the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and the Italian Development Cooperation (IDC) for supporting investment in the Water and sanitation sector in small and medium towns. The Water Resources Development Fund (WRDF)1, with the technical and financial support of the two donors, is currently in the process of preparing harmonized interventions for financing a Water Supply Programme in Ethiopian small and medium towns. The same financial procedures and implementation modalities will be utilized by the two donors, in order to set up a mechanism for a future Programmatic approach and facilitate parallel financing in an efficient manner. The aim of the Programme is also to accompany and reinforce the WRDF’s capacity through a technical assistance component for both the WRDF and town water and sanitation utilities. AFD and IDC will provide sovereign soft loans to the Ethiopian government (precisely to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) which shall be on-granted to the WRDF. The WRDF, through a revolving mechanism, will provide loans to town water and sanitation utilities for rehabilitation and extension of urban WaSH infrastructures. Financial and eligibility criteria will be agreed with the development partners2 of the project and will be endorsed by the WRDF Board. The set up of two Baskets Funds—one for investments and the other one for technical assistance—managed by the WRDF with the support of AFD and IDC technical assistance, is actually foreseen as basis for the implementation of planned activities. This structure is also conceived to attract other donors willing to invest in the urban WaSH sub-sector in Ethiopia. It will imply adjustments to the WRDF actual design and functioning modalities. The objective of the study is: - to prepare a Programme Presentation Report that will define the framework for AFD and IDC investments through the WRDF; - to prepare the Programme Implementation Manual (PIM) in coordination with the WRDF, AFD and IDC; and - to assess the WRDF human resources, technical assistance and capacity building needs given planned transformations:
CONTEXT OF THE STUDY. We consider, as shown in Figure 4, two adjacent omni-directional cells, Cell 1 and Cell 2 and their associated eNodeBs, eNodeB1 and eNodeB2 respectively. A UE is positioned on the axis [eNodeB1 eNodeB2] at a distance d from eNodeB1. The distance between the two eNodeBs is the Inter Site Distance (ISD). ISD Cell 1 eNodeB1 UE eNodeB2 Cell 2 Figure 4: Context of the study We compare in the following the performance of two scenarios, a scenario with interference (Figure 5) and a scenario with cooperation (Figure 6). In the first scenario eNodeB1 transmits data to the UE when eNodeB2 is interfering. eNodeB1 and eNodeB2 are equipped with two transmit antennas and perform Alamouti space-time block coding [15]. The UE is equipped with two receive antennas and performs classical Alamouti decoding on each receive antenna followed by an MRC recombination of the signals from the two antennas. Data bits Data bits interference Figure 5: Interference scenario In the second scenario eNodeB1 and eNodeB2 are cooperating to transmit data to the UE. Data bits are split in two streams, each one using the Alamouti space-time block coding principle on a pair of antennas (a pair of antenna located at each eNodeB), as shown in Figure 6. The UE is equipped with two receive antennas and performs double Alamouti (4x2) decoding with ZF equalization. The double Alamouti decoder combines the robustness of the Alamouti coding with rate doubling ability [21]. Data bits Data bits Figure 6: Cooperation scenario