Cultural Context. Culture refers to the traditions, beliefs, customs, and way of life specific to a particular group of people. Culture can be associated with a specific nationality, race, geographic area, or religion, just to name a few examples. Having insight into the culture of the characters in a novel or other work of writing provides important insights relevant to interpreting the story or situation. For example: A book or story about growing up will be very different if the main character’s culture is one that values independence and making one’s own way in the world as opposed to one in which young people are expected to follow in the footsteps of their parents and grandparents.
Cultural Context. This section of the plan describes the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic setting of the study area. The prehistoric context includes a description of the potential for buried prehistoric resources with little or no surface manifestation to occur in the study area. Although the Sacramento Valley may have been inhabited by humans as early as 10,000 years ago, the evidence for early human occupation likely is buried by deep alluvial sediments that accumulated rapidly during the late Holocene Epoch. Although rare, archaeological remains of this early period allegedly have been identified in and around the Central Valley. Xxxxxxx (1967:283–284) presents evidence for some use of the Mokelumne River area, under what is now Camanche Reservoir, during the late Pleistocene Epoch. These archaeological materials and similar materials in the region have been termed the Farmington Complex. Recent work in the vicinity of Camanche Reservoir, however, calls into question whether Farmington Complex exceeds an age of 10,000 Before Present (B.P.) (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2007:151). Preliminary results from Tremaine & Associates’ (2008) recent excavations at Sacramento City Hall (Sacramento City Hall overlies the Nisenan village of Sacum’ne, CA-SAC-38) reveal the earliest confirmed habitation of the immediate Sacramento vicinity. Obsidian hydration readings on artifacts may represent use of the site during 3000–8000 X.X. Xxxxxxxx & Associates also ran three radiocarbon assays, which yielded conventional dates of 5870, 6690, and 6700 B.P. The radiocarbon assays were taken between 9.8 feet and 11.5 feet below ground surface (Tremaine & Associates 2008:99–101). Later periods of prehistory are better understood because of their more abundant representation in the archaeological record. Xxxxxxxxxxx (1973) identified three general patterns of cultural manifestations for the period between 4500 and 100 B.P.—the Xxxxxxxxxx, Berkeley, and Augustine Patterns. The Xxxxxxxxxx Pattern (4500–2800 B.P.) shows evidence of a mixed economy consisting of the generalized hunting of game, fishing, and use of wild plant foods. Settlement strategies during the Xxxxxxxxxx period reflect seasonal occupation of valleys during the winter and of foothills during the summer (Xxxxxxx 1984:201, 206). Cultural changes are manifested in the Berkeley Pattern (3500–2500 B.P.). Technological changes in groundstone from handstones and milling slabs to the mortar and pestle indicate a greater dependence on acorns, ...
Cultural Context. In some cases, HST bridge and overpass design may respond directly and literally to the unique cultural or architectural context into which it is to be built, reflecting intrinsic values, culture or tradition. Xxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx Esfahan, Iran
Cultural Context. Indigenous materials may be considered in HST bridge and overpass design where a specific contextually sensitive environment such as mountains, canyons or waterways renders conventional materials inappropriate. Approaches, abutments or other transitional structures may consider use of local materials. Xxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxx xx Xxxx, Xxxxxx HST bridge and overpass design should take advantage of potential public viewing opportunities whenever they occur. As locations for landmark structures are identified by a community, full opportunity should be developed to integrate a HST bridge and overpass into the natural landscape or accentuate a major urban feature such as a gateway into a city center.
Cultural Context. (Continued)
11. Appendices
Cultural Context. What is the cultural context (e.g., family life, cultural practices, lifestyles, aspirations, traditional systems) of the fishing community? • Scale. At what scale does fishing take place? • Food, income, and other benefits. How important are fisheries for food and income, as well as other benefits? • Current status and trends. What are the current status and trends of the main targeted fisheries resources? How many boats and fishers are there, and what type of fishing gear is used for targeted fisheries? • Key drivers of change. What are the key drivers of change in the fisheries sector? • Policy/legal/institutional frameworks. What major policies and legal and institutional frameworks govern local fisheries? • Infrastructure, capacity, and support for management. What are the individual and institutional capacities and willingness to manage the fisheries? What is the state of physical infrastructure, technological capabilities, institutions, and/or human productivity in the fisheries sector? • Market dynamics. What are the market dynamics, including supply and demand, local and export markets, and related issues? • Data. What systems are in place to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on fisheries to support fisheries management and development activities, and how effective are they? • Fisheries management system(s). What fisheries management system(s) and measures are in place to sustain the fishery (e.g., closures, gear, other restrictions)? How effective are these measures? • Gender differences. What are the different roles of men and women in the industry? 1 To supplement this list of questions, a list of some fisheries management objectives is included in Appendix 1. • Species characteristics. What is the inherent vulnerability of targeted species to fishing pressure? • Habitat and bycatch impacts. For key targeted fisheries, what are the impacts on marine habitats and ecosystems, including bycatch of threatened species? • Experience promoting sustainable fisheries. To date, what efforts have been made to promote sustainable fisheries? What has worked, what has not worked, and why? What programs are underway or planned in the near future? • New opportunities. In practical terms, what new opportunities exist for achieving sustainable fisheries (e.g., substitute fisheries or underutilized stocks, mariculture / aquaculture, alternative livelihoods outside the fisheries sector to reduce fishing pressures)?
Cultural Context. Traditional Beliefs Health Disparities Geographic Differences
Cultural Context. Recently, social movement scholars have considered effects of the cultural opportunity structure (Borland 2004; Xxxxxx and Werum 2011; Xxxxx and XxXxxxxxx 1999; Xxxxxxxx 2004). Research in this area is newer and less 13 While I do not offer specific hypotheses regarding the political mediation model, I do test a number of additional models with interaction terms between political opportunity and resource variables. codified than that regarding political opportunities, and considers aspects of culture ranging from the resonance of SMO claims with the general public (Xxxxxxx and Snow 2000; Jasper 1997; Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 2000) to prominent norms, values, and ideals within a culture (Xxxxxxxxx 1990). Xxxxxxx and Snow (2000) argue that the aspects of culture most relevant to SMO claimsmaking “include the extant stock of meanings, beliefs, ideologies, practices, values, myths, narratives, and the like” (p. 629). The receptivity of the culture in which SMOs are embedded, then, affects SMO tactical choices. I focus on how one aspect of culture, state citizens’ ideology, impacts EJOs’ tactical choices. Previous research has documented that political liberalism is linked to higher levels of environmental concerns than conservatism (Xxxxxx 1991; Xxxxxx and XxXxxxxx 2008, 2011; Xxxxxx et al. 2010; Xxxxxxxx 2004; Olli et al. 2001; Xxx Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 1980; Xiao and XxXxxxxx 2007). As such, states with more liberal citizens may be more receptive to EJO claims than states with more conservative citizens, rendering disruptive tactics less necessary.
Cultural Context. I also examined cultural opportunities that potentially affect EJO tactics. To assess cultural support for EJ issues, I included a measure of citizen ideology, or the general liberalness and conservativeness of state citizens, also drawn from Xxxxx et al. (2010). This measure ranges on a scale from zero to 100, with higher numbers indicating a higher level of liberalism (see Xxxxx et al. 1998 for a more detailed discussion). As with the political opportunities measure from Xxxxx et al. (2010), political scientists have capitalized on this measure much more so than sociologists (e.g., Camobreco and Xxxxxxxx 2003). Again, previous research has documented that politically liberal individuals are more likely to possess higher levels of concern for a variety of social justice issues, including feminist initiatives (XxXxxxxx et al. 0000), XXXX rights (Xxxxxx-Xxxxxx and Xxxxx 2003), and environmental issues (XxXxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2000, 2003). As such, when combined into a state citizenry, they will comprise a cultural context more open to combating environmental issues.
Cultural Context. (Continued)
