Political factors. The presence of policies, guidelines and legal agreements like health service agreement between Local government and private not for profit may affect the implementation of Services agreements. Global the Millennium Development Goals now changed to Sustainable Development Goals can be affected by the implementation of PPP (SA) at international levels. When host country undergoes significant changes in her laws and policies (20). The changes are always influencing implementation of PPP in that country as well. This obvious affects the implementation of SA as it is a part of Public Private Partnership. In Tanzania, there exist a number of policies, guidelines and laws on Service Agreement implementation such as national PPP Policy 2007, Procurement Act 2004, PPP Act of 2010, PPP Regulations and Primary Health Services Development Program, 2007-2017 (13,24). The presence of these policies and guidelines create conducive environment for implementation process of Service agreement and when not present they hinder the process as well.
Political factors. As a country-specific political variable, we use the Polity IV democracy index to measure whether a country’s political regime is autocratic (low score on the index) or democratic (high score on the index). This variable capture the power of the government and politicians (e.g., Xxxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2016). The difference in the Polity IV democracy index between the country of local partners and the country of foreign partners (“Polity IV Democracy Differences”) is used in the country-pair empirical analysis. Further, we employ the World Bank’s six governance indicators (e.g., Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2014) to assess the institutional environment, considering accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality rule of law, and corruption control. We take the average value of these six indicators and calculate the difference between countries (“Institutional Differences”). Moreover, we consider foreign direct investment (FDI) restrictions as they reflect the government intervention in the foreign investment in a local market (Xxxx and Xxxxxx, 2013). To measure the restrictions on foreign ownership in the local partner’s country, we obtain ownership restriction scores (“Foreign Ownership Restrictions”) from Economic Freedom of the World to evaluate whether foreign ownership of companies in the local partner’s country is rare.21
Political factors. This section contains questions on political factors, and in general students showed to find a positive connection between them and the fostering of forms of extremism; for example, 75% of respondents somewhat or strongly agreed that aggressive political messages in media ease the radicalisation of opinions. 20% remained neutral, and 5% somewhat disagreed. Moreover, 67% of students somewhat or strongly agreed that political indifference towards the needs of communities influences antisocial behaviours. 25% of participants remained neutral, and 8% somewhat disagreed. Furthermore, 69% of respondents somewhat or strongly agreed that the anxiety caused by an instable political situation may lead to societal conflicts. 24% remained neutral and only 7% somewhat or strongly disagreed. Lastly, 72% of students strongly or somewhat agreed that the political division into “us vs them” lead to prioritise one’s own group and to deny the value of other groups. 16% remained neutral and only 12% somewhat or strongly disagreed. This section appears to present some of the highest positive responses; this shows that students believe that political discourses and messages are important factors that can either prevent or xxxxxx forms of extremism, radicalisation and polarisation.
Political factors. This set of questions aimed at investigating the perceived correlation between political factors and extremist radicalisation. The answers provided by students highlight that politics and unsteady political situations are considered as a fundamental driver of conflict within society, individual radicalisation and, in some cases, extremism. 77% respondents believe that aggressive political messages in the media promote hate speech. For about 88% of the respondents, politicians' indifference to people's needs encourages anti-social, even extreme, behaviours. Moreover, for 83% of the respondents, anxiety due to an unstable political situation leads to conflicts in society. Therefore, broadly speaking, the answers of the students highlight a general distrust towards institutionalised politics and Italian political establishment.
