Variable Definitions. For aims one and two, all variables pertaining to demographics, comorbid conditions, and CRE risk factors were obtained through manual review of the patient’s medical record by EIP surveillance epidemiologists. Demographic variables included the patient’s age at the time of culture identification and race. Comorbidity burden was quantified by the Xxxxxxxx comorbidity index (CCI), which is a validated scoring system for comorbid conditions and can be used to predict mortality (39). Conditions included in the CCI include history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disease, ulcer disease, liver disease, diabetes, hemiplegia, moderate to severe renal disease, malignancy, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We dichotomized the CCI variable and categorized patients with CCI of ≤ 3 as “low” and CCI >3 as “high.” This breakpoint was selected because it was the median for our study and was associated with an estimated 10-year survival of < 55% in the original validation study (39). We assessed for the presence of an indwelling urethral or suprapubic urinary catheter, central venous catheter or other indwelling device in place at the time the culture was obtained or in the two prior calendar days. Other indwelling devices were defined as devices implanted into an inner body space for the purpose of promoting drainage, providing a route for administration of food or medications, or administering oxygen, including endotracheal or nasotracheal tubes, gastrostomy tubes, nasogastric tubes, nephrostomy tubes, or tracheostomies. Additional covariates included the patient’s residence (inpatient facility, LTACH, long-term care facility (LTCF), or private residence) four days prior to the culture, location where the CRE culture was obtained (inpatient facility, LTACH, LTCF, or outpatient clinic), and if the patient was in the intensive care unit (ICU) in the 7 calendar days prior to the culture. The presence of decubitus ulcers, dementia, hemi- or paraplegia or underlying urinary tract abnormalities (structural or functional abnormalities that lead to obstruction or retention of urine) at the time of CRE culture were captured as part of the standard EIP chart review because these characteristics may be more common in patients with urinary catheters, causing confounding. For aim two, we defined progression as any patient in the study cohort that had ...
Variable Definitions. Age and sex were self-reported and presented in years and by female or male. Fasting Capillary Glucose (FCG): Sample taken prior to consumption of 50g oral glucose drink Postprandial Capillary Glucose (PCG): Sample taken post 1 hour of consumption of 50g oral glucose drink
Variable Definitions ijt We define the main dependent and explanatory variables used in our empirical analyses in this section. The alliance intensity, which is the main dependent variable, is measured as the number of alliances between two countries, standardized by the total number of cross-border alliances which the foreign partner’s country forms in the world.19 For instance, PLGijt (or PLC ) represents the number of cross-border alliances between foreign partners from country i and the local SOE (or non-SOE) firms from country j, divided by the total number of cross-border alliance deals which the foreign firms from country i have made worldwide but located in the counterparty SOE’s (or non-SOE’s) domicile country.20 The ratio of the alliance intensity is 16 We refer to the ownership structure of the participant’s ultimate parent firm and classify firms into SOEs and non-SOEs. The literature on SOEs indicates that the ultimate controller of an SOE is the state or government, e.g., see Xxxxx et al. (2016) and Xxx Xx et al. (2017). We use a similar approach and check the ownership structure of participant’s ultimate parent firm. 17 Cross-border alliance activities can be located in one of the participants’ countries. We find that SOEs are more like to form cross-border alliances located in the SOEs’ local market than overseas market, i.e., approximately 80% of SOE-involved cross-border alliances take place in the SOEs’ local country. Therefore, in the empirical analysis we focus on this type of deals to represent the SOE-involved cross-border alliances. 18 Our main results remain consistent if we consider the SOE-involved deals which happened in the overseas market. The results are tabulated in Online Appendix Table B2. 19 We follow prior studies including Xxxxxxx and Xxxx (2017) and Xxxx et al. (2012) and use their measure of acquisition intensity in the context of alliances. 20 LG refers to local SOE, while LC indicates local non-SOE. expressed in the percentage. Appendix Figure 1 explains the calculation of alliance intensity. In this study, we also employ a set of political, economic and social factors. We test whether these country-level factors can explain the intensity and variation of SOEs’ participation in cross-border alliances.
Variable Definitions the Property" is the Property known as
