Posttraumatic stress symptoms in carers of people with psychosis Sample Clauses

Posttraumatic stress symptoms in carers of people with psychosis. Research indicates that the conditions surrounding the onset of psychosis can also often be medically aversive and distressing for both patients and carers (Xxxxxx et al., 1998; Xxxxxx et al., 2003). Carers can interpret the risk of patient suicide and illness related stigma (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2001) as potentially threatening and some carers may become the focus of paranoid ideas or delusions, which result in their relative threatening, or causing them, actual bodily harm (Xxxxxxxx & Hubband, 2003). As part of their role, carers of people with psychosis report exposure to a broad range of aggressive behaviours, including verbal, physical, self-directed and sexual aggression (Xxxxxxxx & Hubband, 2003; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2009; Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Adlard, 1997). Substance use among individuals with schizophrenia is frequent (Xxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2007) and often associated with verbal or physical aggression towards caregivers (Xxxxxxx et al., 1997). In a qualitative study of couples caring for adult children with psychosis, results indicated that some carers described feeling “frightened for our lives” (Xxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxx-Gray, & Xxxxx, 2009). The authors commented that many of the accounts were reminiscent of trauma narratives and emotions of fear, frustration and helplessness were still evident despite many years of service involvement and caring. Furthermore, there is now substantial evidence of posttraumatic stress symptoms in individuals with psychosis (e.g., Shaw et al., 2002; Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2001) therefore carers may be at risk of secondary or vicarious traumatization as seen, for example, in partners of veterans (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2004). As indicated by the DSM-IV, significant others can be significantly affected by a traumatic event that they witness or learn of. Xxxx and Xxxx (2002) found that relatives of acutely admitted psychotic patients experienced strong acute and persistent stress responses, similar to those described in those exposed to severe or life threatening illness. More recently, Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx (2008) found that in a sample of people caring for someone with recent onset psychosis, more than one-third (35.1%) reported symptoms of traumatic stress. Similarly, in a sample of carer-relatives, Xxxxxxxxx et al. (2009) found that over two thirds (77%) reported experiencing moderate-severe aggression and approximately half of these carer-relatives reported significant posttraumatic stress symptoms. In this study, a...
Sample 1
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Posttraumatic stress symptoms in carers of people with psychosis. The level of posttraumatic stress symptoms found in this sample are consistent with figures reported in other studies measuring posttraumatic stress symptoms in carers of people with psychosis (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2008; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2009). The types of carer related events reported as traumatic have also been identified in previous studies with carers of people with psychosis, for example aggression (Xxxxxxxx & Hubband, 2003; Loughland et al., 2009) and risk of suicide (Struening et al., 2001). Of interest was the high rate of previous trauma reported by carers that was unrelated to the caring role and this needs to be considered when interpreting the results especially in relation to self-report measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Although, it should be noted that these events were identified in response to an open ended question and not assessed to determine if they meet current diagnostic definitions of traumatic events (i.e., Criterion A on the SCID PTSD module). Given the overall lifetime prevalence rates of exposure to traumatic events in the general population (89.6%; Breslau et al., 1998), it is conceivable that a significant proportion of the current sample would also be expected to report a history of these experiences. Only one carer in this study was found to meet criteria for PTSD, based on data drawn from a structured clinical interview. There are no known previous studies using a formal diagnostic interview to assess PTSD in carers of people with psychosis. The 3% prevalence rate for PTSD in response to events related to caring for someone with psychosis is slightly lower than figures published in studies using formal structured clinical interviews with other clinical groups; for example, parents of children with life threatening physical illnesses (7%, Stoppelbein & Xxxxxxxx, 2007; 6.2%, Xxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxx, 1998; 13.7%, Xxxxx et al., 2004) and mothers of children undergoing bone marrow transplantation (7.8%; Xxxxx et al., 2002). The current 3% figure is also lower than the risk of PTSD following exposure to trauma in general population studies (9.2%; Breslau et al., 1998). However, the sample size is likely to be too small to reliably estimate prevalence rates in this population; further studies with larger sample sizes would be indicated. Moreover, the percentage rate obtained in the current study only represents the presence of PTSD in relation to traumatic events related to the caring role. In contrast, more...
Sample 1

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