Synthesis. This process converts RTL to a netlist based on Seller’s ASIC components library. Synthesis is done by Seller since this is an RTL-Handoff.
Synthesis. (4-(1-(acryloyloxy)ethyl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy) butanoic acid (AN) was prepared according to the procedure as reported.28,37 Briefly, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone was alkylated with ethyl 4-bromobutyate in DMF in the presence of K2CO3. Nitration was performed by treating with HNO3. The ketone was reduced with NaBH4 and followed by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester with 1M NaOH. Desired compound AN was obtained from the reaction with acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethyl amine. The product was purified by silica gel column chromatography. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.7 (3H, d, J = 6.4), 2.2 (2H, m), 2.6 (2H, t, J = 7.2), 3.9 (3H, s), 4.1 (2H, t, J = 6.4), 5.9 (1H, d, J = 1.2), 6.2 (1H, m), 6.4 (1H, d, J = 1.2), 6.5 (1H, q, J1 = 6.4, J2 = 6.4), 7.3 (1H, s), 7.6 (1H, s), 10.5 (1H, br); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 21.8, 23.8, 30.1, 56.1, 67.9, 68.4, 108.0, 108.8, 128.0, 131.3, 133.1, 139.5, 147.0, 153.9, 164.8, 178.8. Dex-AN was prepared by an esterification of the hydroxyl groups of dextran with AN using the procedure that we reported previously.4 0.5 g of AN was dissolved in 10 mL of DMSO, followed by the addition of DCC (0.5 g) and DPTS (0.07 g). To the mixture, dextran (0.7 g) solution in DMSO (10 mL) was added and stirred for 36 hours at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was put into a dialysis tube (MWCO 3500) and dialyzed against DMSO and water. After lyophilization, 0.4 g of the product was recovered. Dithiol functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) was prepared by following previously reported procedures.5,54 Macroscale hydrogels were obtained by mixing solutions of Dex-AN and DSPEG. Typical procedure was following: 150 µL Dex-AN (20 mg) and 50 µL DSPEG (12 mg) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions were mixed by vortexing (the ratio of acrylates to thiols was 1:1), and the resulted solution was incubated at 37 °C under dark. The gelation time was determined to be 60 min by the vial tilting method. (When there was no flow of the sample within 5 seconds, it was regarded as a gel.54) Sample for visco-elastic measurements was prepared by mixing two solutions of Dex-AN (30 mg in 150 µ L PBS) and DSPEG (18 mg in 150 µ L PBS). To probe viscoelastic properties of the gel, a small sample of the hydrogel was analyzed using TA Instruments AR-G2 rheometer with plate-plate geometry (plate of 40 mm in diameter and a 220 microns gap distance). Prior to the measurements, the strain-sweep tests were performed on the sample to determine the...
Synthesis. This is a new factor which recognizes the findings from technical articles and reports need to be summarized and communicated to be used effectively by resource managers.
Synthesis. In addition to DNA and proteins, synthetic polymers are also suitable for data storage, at least in principle. As early as 1986, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx suggested that, at least in theory, any polymer composed of at least two different monomers could be used to store data97. Although the controlled synthesis of polymers with more than two monomers is possible — and although such polymers would potentially provide a more economical solution for data storage — most dataencoding polymers employ only two different monomers (directly represent ing 0 and 1 in the binary code). The main advantages of synthetic polymers are the possibility of having full con trol over their synthesis and the greater flexibility, mean ing that one is no longer restricted to four monomers, as in the case of DNA. Instead, the monomers can be selected and tuned for the purpose of the application. In such synthetic dataencoding copolymers, it is essential to achieve perfect control over the monomer sequence. For example, DNA can be used as a template for the assembly of free nucleotides (including nonnatural ones) before chemical or enzymatic polymerization98–103. The drawbacks of this approach are the low efficiency and difficulty of removing the synthesized polymer from the template. Recently, molecular machines that mimic biological polymerization have been developed, such as the peptide synthesis machine designed by Xxxxx and coworkers104. The machine is a rotaxane system in which the macrocycle sequentially picks up amino acids from the thread to assemble a peptide of known sequence. The current rates and yields of these reactions make practical applications difficult — and thus far, these sys tems are limited to the synthesis of natural polymers, that is, polypeptides104. To work around biological polymeri zation techniques, Xxx and coworkers designed a DNA translation system to synthesize sequencecontrolled pol ymers not based on natural monomers105. The polymeri zation in this case depends on the hybridization of DNA base pairs to a template. Synthetic building blocks are attached to these DNA base pairs via a cleavable linker. In this system, the DNA base pairs perform a very similar function to tRNA, that is, they serve to bring together the desired building blocks in the correct order. After poly merization, cleavage of the linker results in the release of the synthetic polymer105. Complete chemical polymerization has the advan tage of a much wider range of available ...
Synthesis. In order to attain this competency, students should be able to:
Synthesis. Limited capacity of resource managers and stakeholders in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to review and extract relevant information of from technical articles and reports that can be used for implications for Policy and Prevention.
Synthesis. While synthesis is a lifetime process, by the end of undergraduate study students must be able to work on musical problems by combining, as appropriate to the issue, their capabilities in performance; aural, verbal, and visual analysis; composition/improvisation; and history and repertory.
Synthesis correlation of the Northwest and Central European Middle Pleistocene terrestrial succes- sion with the Marine Isotope Stratigraphy Chapter 6 provides a synthesis that reviews the possibilities for refinement of the low resolution Middle Pleistocene terrestrial event stratigraphy, which are sought in comparison and matching with the deep-ocean record. Although the global records are only a general guide to local climatic environment and thus a relatively poor basis for correlation, only the trends, not the amplitudes, in the oceanic isotope record are used for correlation. This trend matching is undertaken at two scales, both spatial and temporal:
1 Matching of evidence of (4th order climato-cyclic) events of global significance that are interpreted from the widespread ge- netic unconformity-bounded units, 2 Matching of palaeoclimatic evidence preserved in small-scale sequences and soil complexes in order to bridge the gaps be- tween two subsequent global-scale events. Correlations of lo- cal evidence should be done by following the post-depositional succession from a large-scale MIS-fixed basal unit or a dated level upwards. The most pronounced ð18O-maxima occurred during MIS 2, 6, 12 and 16. It is generally agreed upon that the Late Pleistocene Fen- noscandian Weichselian, British Devensian and Alpine Würmian glaciation maxima correspond to MIS 2, which in the extraglacial areas coincides with the loess accumulations in cycle B. The North Sea Eemian sea-level maximum and continental warm-stage type forest vegetation largely correspond to MIS 5e. Also the corre- spondence of the Fennoscandian Saalian and Alpine youngest Ris- sian (III) glaciation maxima, time equivalent to the Central Euro- pean loess cycle C, to MIS 6 is well accepted nowadays. Serious event-stratigraphical problems are encountered further back in the Middle Pleistocene. Conclusions on the event-stratigraphical posi- tions of the widespread glacial and subaerial sequences are: - The Fennoscandian Elsterian, British Anglian glaciation and the Central European loess cycle F occurred during MIS 12 (478- 423 ka), followed by the North Sea Holsteinian marine trans- gression (MIS 11c), - The Fennoscandian Donian glaciation and the Central European loess cycle H took place in MIS 16 (659-620 ka) which was possibly followed by a North Sea marine transgression in East Anglia. Two boundary levels of the isotopic glacial cycles, stage xxxxxx- xxxx as defined by the SPECMAP-group (1984), are then ide...
Synthesis. Develop a strategic map for the organization’s strategic plan; • Implement a performance-based aligned ICT strategy, and understand regulatory requirements for effective ICT governance; • Develop measurable indicators of governance at both the local government and central government levels; • Design and conduct service delivery surveys; • Designing, developing and improving governmental systems and implementing e-Government components on every state level; • Design software systems and define architectures in open and distributed environments in a holistic and integrative manner (Synthesis); • Lead change in government departments and manage implications; • Evaluate existing strategies; • Monitor policy outcomes and assess the impact of these outcomes; • Assess competitiveness using a critical review of easily available indicators (and why standard competitiveness reports are not useful); • Address the processes, structures, and evaluation methods necessary to implement the digital transformation of an organization.
Synthesis. A multidisciplinary approach has been applied in this thesis, to learn more about the different aspects of the biology and pathology of seals. This has allowed a comprehensive view of their status in Dutch waters. The two seal species, the common seal and the grey seal differ in physiology, behaviour and the use of the Wadden Sea and North Sea ecosystems. These two species were compared with regard to stranding patterns, prevalence of diseases and genetics. The degree to which these species are impacted by human presence was also studied. The key results from the chapters and publications are given in the synthesis, followed by a discussion of these findings. Finally, overall conclusions of the thesis are given, followed by recommendations for research and conservation. The following key results were formulated based on the chapters and publications of this thesis.
