Technological factors. These factors include the charac- teristics as well as the usefulness of the technology [21].
Technological factors. There are two technological factors. The first, the spread of pollutants, is seen to impact on farmers and agricultural areas (although, as can be seen in the column on food systems, its consumption – and consumers in general – is recognised). Three food system activities are specifically vulnerable to this factor: farming, processing and consumption. The second, unsuitable technologies adoption, is very systemic in the sense that it is a factor of vulnerability for a number of different vulnerability areas: food preferences and needs, territories, sectors/supply chains, and food system activities.
Technological factors. The public grid must accept excess energy from the plant in the Xxxxxx xxxxxx. This requirement is general for all countries. On Samsø, the acceptable injected power is limited to 49 kW. Selecting the optimal size of the components requires extensive computations. On Samsø the renewable energy share is 45 percent. It would be higher with a larger PV plant, but space limits its size. The limit on the maximum acceptable injected power into the grid also limits the size of the plant. Environmental factors There is no noise or emissions, but the plant should not spoil the landscape or the view of the sea. This is likely valid for all countries. On Samsø, an envisaged wind turbine was abandoned and replaced with a larger PV plant. The battery is invisible, because it fits inside an existing building rather than an odd cabin.
Technological factors. In order for a property to be a valid candidate to be connected to the aggregator platform, the minimum requirements of a participating property for implementing these solutions are: • A reliable internet connection; • Controllable compatible heat pump; • Suitably sized energy storge for either domestic hot water or space heating requirements; • Energy monitoring system, operating on a close to 1Hz frequency; • Communication gateway, either operating in conjunction with or relaying energy monitoring. Where direct integration with heating and hot water technologies is not required, but integration with another operators control system is, the following is required: • A reliable internet connection with property and operator; • Provide access to an interface for monitoring and control (e.g., web/server API). A communications gateway is required at the renewable energy asset; a gateway that will allow the relaying of data to the control platform in order to perform discission making. The resolution of the data would need to be in the order of 1 Hz to allow for quick response times and to minimise the operation of smart technologies within properties outside curtailed periods. The limitations to these requirements are that a lot of these can only be met with direct intervention to install specific equipment to allow for suitable energy storage, control and data telemetry. There does not currently exist standards on heating and hot water technologies that would allow for smart control of their operation. With regards to the necessary internet connection, reliable broadband internet connection was found to not yet be widespread across the entire of the project area. Effort to replicate these solutions should also consider the important of the strength and reliability of the internet connection, and also backup 4G signal. Additionally, since the beginning of the project, a number of the key technologies have either developed further or been replaced by newer versions. For example, the range of Daikin Altherma high temperature heat pumps have been replaced by models which take up less physical space but can reach the same temperature. This would have made more properties within the selection process suitable for deployment. Additionally, Sunamp Ltd have developed their heat battery controller (“Qontroller”) further for increased control and data telemetry capacity. In order for such a solution to be fully applicable to Orkney there should be options to integration...
Technological factors. The minimum requirements of a participating property for implementing this solution are: • A reliable internet connection; • Controllable EV charger; • A compatible EV which can have charge withheld, but woken by the charger when required; • Energy monitoring system, operating on a close to 1Hz frequency; • Communication gateway, either operating in conjunction with or relaying energy monitoring. Where direct integration with an EV charger is not required, but integration with another operators control system is, the following is required: • A reliable internet connection with property and operator; • Provide access to an interface for monitoring and control (e.g., web/server API) A communications gateway is required at the renewable energy asset; a gateway that will allow the relay of data to the control platform in order to perform discission making. The resolution of the data would need to be in the order of between 1 Hz in order to allow quick response times and minimise the operation of smart technologies within properties outside curtailed periods. The management of EVs charger will principally rely on the data connection via broadband internet connections. This presents a limitation to this requirement. Operating on an aggregated platform requires the working condition of multiple points; every single internet connection must be working in order for every charger to be online and manageable. Orkney has seen a relatively high uptake of EVs in the last 10-years compared to many parts of the UK. As such, Orkney represents a good representation and test bed for mass adoption of low-emission vehicles. This extends to the need for methods to manage the power demand of EV chargers. Even if Orkney’s grid was to continue to be upgraded to meet this demand, there will exist a need for smart control of EV chargers. Also, during the project, standards for EV charger have been updated. The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) has changed from 1.5 to 1.6 and then to 2.0. It was found that not all charger manufacturers are aligning with the standards before declaring their product do. The sector needs to adopt a signal standard with assurances that these will be adhered to. The requirements on stable internet connections have not changed throughout the length of the project. The demonstration of the project in Orkney has highlighted how difficult this requirement is. There exist areas of Orkney where a stable high speed internet connection is still not available. How...
Technological factors. The minimum requirements of an aggregated load for implementing this solution are: • A reliable internet connection; • Energy monitoring system, operating on a close to 1Hz frequency; • Communication gateway, either operating in conjunction with or relaying energy monitoring; • An energy storage medium, to allow the changing of power demand from the grid without negatively impacting production, output or access of energy. Where direct integration with a singular industrial load is not required, but integration with another operators control platform is, the following is required: • A reliable internet connection with every asset in the portfolio; • Provide access to an interface for monitoring and control (e.g., web/server API); • Clear documentation of control protocols to retrieve data and send commands. The resolution of the data generators would need to be in the order of 1 Hz in order to allow quick response times and minimise the operation of smart technologies within properties outside curtailed periods. The main requirement for making either an industrial load or aggregated load (primarily the latter) fully applicable to Orkney, is the necessity for good quality and reliable internet connections or backup 4G signals. Such systems are highly replicable, as long as data connection options are reliable and provide the necessary bandwidth.
