Five Outer Space Conventions Sample Clauses

Five Outer Space Conventions. The United Kingdom’s Status In relation to the United Kingdom’s status regarding the five major United Nations outer space conventions,22 it is noted that the United Kingdom is a state party to all major outer space conventions except the Moon Agreement.23 The first outer space treaty to be signed by 16 See online index of objects launched into space at xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx/oosa/osoindex.html, accessed: 2 January 2013. 17 See xxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx.xx/ukspaceagency/discover-and-learn/discovering-space/uk-space-activity, accessed: 2 January 2013. 18 The UK Space Agency website is available at xxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx.xx/ukspaceagency, accessed: 3 January 2013. 19 The official website of BIS is available at xxxx://xxx.xxx.xx/bis/, accessed: 3 January 2013. 20 The Agency’s other tasks include: supporting academic research, nurturing the country’s space industry, working to increase understanding of space science and its practical benefits. See Mosteshar, Sa’id, “Regulation of Space Activities in the United Kingdom”, in National Regulation of Space Activities, ed., Jakhu, Ram S., (Dordrecht: Springer, 2010), at 357; Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx, “Muscular’ UK Space Agency Launched”, BBC News, 23 March 2010, xxxx://xxxx.xxx.xx.xx/2/hi/science/nature/8579270.stm; see also xxxx://xx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre#cite_note-bbc-2, both accessed: 1 January 2013. 21 See xxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx.xx/ukspaceagency/who-we-are/how-we-work/space-leadership-council, accessed: 1 January 2013. 22 The conventions refer to the Outer Space Treaty 1967, the Rescue Agreement 1968, the Liability Convention 1972, the Registration Convention 1975, and the Moon Agreement 1979.
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Five Outer Space Conventions. Australia’s Status Australia is a party to all five United Nations outer space conventions.129 Australia signed the first outer space convention, the Outer Space Treaty 1967,130 on 27 January 1967, the date it Councils which included the Space Council. See xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx.xx/SPACEPOLICYUNIT/NATIONALSPACEPOLICY/Pages/default.aspx; and xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx.xx/SPACEINDUSTRYINNOVATIONCOUNCIL/Pages/default.aspx, both accessed: 16 January 2013. 124 See Xxxxxx, Xxxx, and Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx, supra note 119, at 44. 125 See xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx.xx/SPACEPOLICYUNIT/NATIONALSPACEPOLICY/Pages/default.aspx, accessed: 15 January 2013. 126 See xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx.xx/SpaceIndustryInnovationCouncil/Pages/default.aspx, accessed: 15 January 2013. 127 Its website is available at xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxx.xx/About, accessed: 15 January 2013. 128 See supra note 116. 129 These conventions are: the Outer Space Treaty 1967, the Rescue Agreement 1968, the Liability Convention 1972, the Registration Convention 1975, and the Moon Agreement 1979. See United Nations, supra note 23. 130 Outer Space Treaty 1967, supra note 24. was opened for signature for all states. On 10 October the same year, the date when the Outer Space Treaty 1967 entered into force, Australia ratified the Treaty.131 From this date, Australia has been bound by its international obligation to observe and comply with the legal rules set forth in the Outer Space Treaty 1967. The second agreement was the Rescue Agreement 1968.132 Australia indicated its early interest in becoming a party to the Rescue Agreement 1968 by signing the Agreement on 22 April 1968. This was the date when the Rescue Agreement 1968 was opened to signature for all states. However, Australia ratified this Agreement only on 18 March 1986, approximately 18 years after the date of its entry into force, on 3 December 1968.133 This shows that Australia took about 18 years to consider becoming a party to the Agreement after its signature date. The third was the Liability Convention 1972,134 to which became a party by accession135. The state acceded to the Liability Convention 1972 on 20 January 1975, about three years after its date of entry into force on, 1 September 1972.136 The fourth United Nations outer space convention was the Registration Convention 1975,137 to which Australia became a party by accession. The accession date was 11 March 1986. Such accession took place only 10 years after the Convention entered into force, 15 September 1976.138 The la...
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Five Outer Space Conventions. The United States of America’s Status Overall, the United States is a party to four outer space conventions.286 In respect of the first convention, the Outer Space Treaty 1967,287 the United States signed the Treaty on 27 January 1967, the date on which it was opened for signature to all states. When the Outer Space Treaty 1967 came into force on 10 October 1967, the United States Government ratified the Treaty the very same day.288 Such ratification reflects, under the United States’ 282 Some information on the United States space policies with respect to its leadership in space is available in, Xxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxx, supra note 251, at 374-377. See also Section 20102(d)(5), National Aeronautics and Space Act 2010, infra note 326. 283 The Xxxxxxx Space Centre is the main launch site operated by NASA. Its headquarters are in Xxxxxx Island, Florida. Its former name was Launch Operation Centre, established in July 1962. In late 1963, it was renamed the Xxxx X. Xxxxxxx Space Centre to honour the President who put America on the path to the moon. See xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxx/centers/xxxxxxx/about/history/index.html, accessed: 25 January 2013. 284 Wallops Flight Facility is NASA’s small launch centre. See xxxx://xx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility, accessed: 26 January 2013. 285 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is governed by the United States Department of Defense. It is located at the southeast of NASA’s Xxxxxxx Space Centre on the adjacent Xxxxxxx Island. It is an installation of the United States Air Force Space Command’s 45th Space Wing, and a primary launch head of the United States Eastern Range with several launch pads currently active. A number of major United States early space explorations were launched from this station. These include the first United States satellite (1958), the first United States astronaut (1961), and many others. However, when a gradual decline occurred in most operations, and it could no longer house new rocket facilities, most operations were transferred to the nearby Xxxxxxx Space Centre. See xxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx/nr/travel/aviation/cap.htm, and xxxx://xx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station, both accessed: 25 January 2013. 286 The conventions are: the Outer Space Treaty 1967, the Rescue Agreement 1968, the Liability Convention 1972, and the Registration Convention 1975, except the Moon Agreement 1979. See United Nations, United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space and Related General Assembly Resol...
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Five Outer Space Conventions. Singapore’s Status Singapore is a state party to three of the United Nations outer space conventions.578 The first convention is the Outer Space Treaty 1967.579 Singapore joined the Treaty through accession. The Singapore Government acceded to the Treaty on 10 September 1976,580 approximately nine years after the Treaty came into force in October 1967. Thus, the accession reflects the consent of Singapore to be bound by the Treaty’s legal rules in relation to state space-related activities. The second convention is the Rescue Agreement 1968.581 Singapore became a party to this Agreement through accession as well, acceding to the Agreement on 10 September 1976.582 Such accession took place roughly eight years after the Agreement came into force on 3 December 1968. The third convention to which Singapore became a party was the Liability Convention 1972.583 The state signed the Liability Convention on 19 July 1972, about four months after the Convention was opened for signature to all states on 29 March 1972. The Liability Convention 1972 was then ratified by Singapore on 19 August 1975.584 It is noted that Singapore took almost three years, from the signing date, to consider ratifying the Liability Convention 1972. Commencing from the ratification date, according to its international obligation, Singapore is bound by the legal rules stipulated in the Liability Convention 1972. With respect to the other conventions, Singapore is not a party state.585 The first is the Registration Convention 1975.586 Singapore is a signatory state only to this Convention. The state signed the Convention on 31 August 1976, about 1 year 7 months after the Convention opened for signature to all states on 14 January 1975. This Convention has not been ratified. 578 Those conventions are: the Outer Space Treaty 1967; the Rescue Agreement 1968; and the Liability Convention 1972. See United Nations, supra note 478. 579 The Outer Space Treaty 1967, supra note 479. 580 See supra note 480. 581 The Rescue Agreement 1968, supra note 481. 582 See supra note 480. 583 The Liability Convention 1972, supra note 483. 584 See supra note 480. 585 See id. 586 The Registration Convention 1975, supra note 485. As for the Moon Agreement 1979,587 Singapore is also a non-party state.588 The state has neither signed nor acceded to the Agreement.
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Five Outer Space Conventions. Brunei’s Status With respect to the five United Nations outer space conventions - the Outer Space Treaty 1967, the Rescue Agreement 1968, the Liability Convention 1972, the Registration Convention 1975, and the Moon Agreement 1979 - it is noted that Brunei is a non-party state to all those conventions.605 The Brunei Government has neither signed, ratified, nor acceded to any of the United Nations’ outer space conventions.606 Such circumstances may reflect that 598 See http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/showSearch.do, accessed: 18 March 2013. 599 See http://www.telbru.com.bn/about-us/corporate-info/history, accessed: 18 March 2013. 600 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei, accessed: 18 March 2013. 601 See http://www.mincom.gov.bn/index.php/about-us/history-vision-mission, accessed: 18 March 2013. 602 TelBru official website is at http://www.telbru.com.bn/, accessed: 18 March 2013. 603 See http://www.mincom.gov.bn/index.php/history-vision-mission-2, accessed: 18 March 2013. 604 See http://www.brunet.bn/gov/dca/main.htm, accessed: 18 March 2013. 605 See United Nations, supra note 478. See also supra note 480. 606 See id. the country is not ready to be bound by any obligations and legal rules set forth in the United Nations’ outer space conventions to govern its outer space activities.
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