Historical context and policy Sample Clauses

Historical context and policy. In the UK, both CHP and DH have been underdeveloped. There are various reasons for that but Xxxxx’Xxx and Xxxxxxx identified in the 1970s:
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Historical context and policy. DH is a common method of heat supply in Denmark, especially in densely populated areas. DH systems developed from “small consumer areas with plants taking advantage of local resources: heat recovery from industrial plants, incinerators, heat pumps fed by sewage and cogeneration” [143]. The first DH systems were established in the largest cities in the 1920s where there were possibilities of exploiting surplus heat from electricity utilities [144]. Since the 1950s and 1960s many individual heating systems have been substituted by DH systems [145]. The development of DH did not proceed without adversity. One complicating factor for its development was the change of the Danish energy mix, which greatly influenced the heat supply market [146]. Before the 1970s Denmark was one of the few countries in the world that were almost totally dependent on imported fuels to cover its energy demand [147]. At the time, Denmark was nearly 100 % dependent on oil imports and the larger expansion of DH in the 1960s was based primarily on oil [148]. Due to the oil crisis in 1973-1974 most of the plants producing heat for DH networks converted to coal as primary fuel [149]. In order to avoid similar events in the future, the Government decided to develop its infrastructure and increase indigenous production of natural resources (such as biomass). The raised awareness on energy dependency from abroad led to further actions in order to ensure security of supply and changes to the energy mix by means of increasing the share of energy produced from local and sustainable sources [150]. The development of DH in Denmark is a product of thorough infrastructure planning and implementation of the systems attributed to collaboration between the local energy operators and the local authorities [151]. Through the promotion of the principle of ‘green energy first’, and the goal to phase out fossil fuels in the electricity and heat sectors [152], the Government prohibited in 2013 the installation of oil-fired boilers and natural gas heating in new buildings [153]. From 2016 it was no longer possible to install oil-fired boilers in existing buildings in areas with district heating. This plan of action demands that DH heat production plants are converted from coal to natural gas and waste incineration [154]. The goal is, furthermore, to rebuild existing power plants to CHP in order to produce both electricity and heat [155]. Denmark is one of the forerunning countries in the EU when it comes to...

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