ITQs Sample Clauses

ITQs. In essence the idea of ITQs is to allocate shares of the total allowable catch (TAC) to fisheries, allowing them to be sold and leased. ITQs are the primary management tool of Iceland, Denmark (one of the most important and thoroughly studied examples of ITQ systems) and New Zealand fisheries. Management systems using ITQs are not always successful, just as non-ITQ management systems do not always fail to maintain sustainable stocks (Beddington et al., 2007). The primary goals of an ITQ system are to conserve the resource and reduce fishing capacity (e.g. number and size of boats). According to Grafton, Arnason & Björndal (2006) securable harvesting rights, like ITQs, support incentives for sustainable behavior of fishermen and stewardship of the resource. Branch (2009) observes that under ITQs, quota owners are incentivized to sustain high abundance levels as their shares become more valuable, which should in turn make lower TACs feasible for them, as well as paying for monitoring and research. In general, mortality on target species declines as catches are closer to TACs and ghost fishing through lost and abandoned gear decreases. High-grading and discarding generally decline with the implementation of ITQs, but they are heavily dependent on the level of at-sea enforcement and whether landings count against ITQs. The use of ITQs is not without its critics.Although ITQs by itself is nothing more than a way to allocate the TAC, its execution is known to have certain side effects. The main concerns are about the fairness of initial quota allocations, the increased cost for fishermen to gain entry, and the loss of employment and revenues in communities that have historically depended on fishing (GAO, 2004). This has been supported with extensive literature, especially the negative social impacts of ITQs systems (Karlsdóttir, 2008; XxXxx, 0000; Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2009) and the hindrance of new entries (Xxxxx, 1996). In most cases after implementing ITQs, the ownership concentrates in the hands of few people, some of whom become quota-lords, leasing their quotas (Connor & Alden, 2001; Eyþórsson, 1996). Supported by the U.S. Marine fisheries authorities a holistic international assessment of the key issues in protecting communities and facilitating new entry and appropriate mitigation measures for ITQs programs was done in 2004. The results are that there are several methods available for protecting economic viability of fishing communities and facilitating n...
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