Politics, policy and society Sample Clauses

Politics, policy and society. Questioning participatory governance approaches to water resources management (Paper 3)‌ The final paper included in this Deliverable (Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxx et al., 2015) contributes to a growing body of research that has critically reviewed the effectiveness of the participatory governance approaches that inspire IWRM and is a key component of the WFD. The WFD introduces information, consultation and public participation requirements in an effort to improve its effectiveness and facilitate its implementation and compliance. When the WFD was approved in 2000 this approach was part of a wider effort by the European Commission to "open up the policy- making process to get more people and organizations involved in shaping and delivering EU policy" (EC, 2001: 2). The transition from government to participatory governance approaches in natural resources management (Page and Xxxxx, 2003) finds theoretical grounding in the proponents of deliberative democracy. Governance requires a transition toward a networked approach that incorporates different government levels, civil society organizations and private sector actors into decision- making processes. In deliberative democracy (Xxxxxxx, 1991, Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx, 2004), deliberation is central to decision-making. The outcome of decisions over the management and allocation of public resources is reinforced and validated through the involvement of, and open discussion among, all relevant players under conditions of equal access to information and power. The deliberative democracy theoretical framework purportedly offers an alternative to representative democracy because it promotes legitimacy of collective actions and policy decisions in situations of scarcity and conflicting interests; favors the emergence and defense of the 'greater good'; promotes mutual respect and understanding of different positions in decision- making process, that is, a way to tackling inevitable conflict and different perspectives (incommensurability of environmental problems); and encourages learning and an improved understanding of reality, given the situations of complexity and uncertainty. In a deliberative democracy decision-making process decisions should be adopted through an inclusive exchange of reasons and opinions, based on information that is accessible and comprehensible for the public, not only experts. The outcome of deliberation processes are theoretically effective and binding to all parties, and the process is dynamic, that is, ...
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