Theoretical Framework. This study is predicated on the theory of Finance-Growth Nexus, which was developed by Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx (1911). According to this theory, financial services are crucial for moving economy forward, so far they increase productivity by fostering technical innovation, investment, and assisting entrepreneurs with the highest prospects of success in the innovation process. He maintained that economic growth might be aided by the mobilization of productive savings, efficient resource allocation, and reinvestment of mobilized financial resources into the economy. By implication, this theory posits that a developed insurance sector is capable of supporting economic growth through financial resources mobilizations in forms of savings for investment, guaranteeing success of entrepreneurs by assuming their business risks, technical innovations in terms of different insurance products capable of attracting the best of businesses into insurance sector.
Theoretical Framework. In this section, a number of key concepts important for this study will be elaborated. This will provide a frame of reference for all the chapters of this study. For that purpose, the Rechtsstaat concept is related to what the government does in terms of spatial management and protection of the public interest. Lastly, considering that this umbrella concept of Rechtsstaat also relates to the state and government reform initiated after 1999, I will also provide a brief elucidation on the concept of decentralization.
(a) The Indonesian Rechtsstaat as ideal norm and empirical fact
Theoretical Framework. This research is situated at the intersection of two paradigms: on the one hand the indigenous paradigm, and on the other hand, the feminist paradigm. The increased attention for indigenous peoples at an international level, and the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples have led to the first tentative explorations towards an indigenous paradigm in academia. However, a complete theoretical framework on how to include an indigenous point of view in research is only starting to be developed. Xxxxx Tuhiwai Xxxxx’x Decolonizing Methodologies (1999) is one of the first reference works on this topic. Other scholars that have been working towards an indigenous paradigm are, for example, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx X. Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, and Xxxxx Wilson11. More theoretical research is necessary to have a more developed theoretical framework. Therefore, this study turns to a second paradigm which is feminism. Feminist theory has many parallels with the indigenous paradigm. Among others, it also questions the representation and participation of a subordinated group – in this case women – dominated by a group seen as the ‘norm’ within society – men. Feminist theory has been one of the first to criticize this societal ‘norm’. It has been ground breaking in this regard and has led the way for other critical approaches to academia. Feminist theory originated from the ideology of the feminist movement, which is based on the observation that in society women have been worldwide subordinated to men. Feminist theory transposed this reality to academia, stating that in research women have also been subordinated to men. Feminist theory wants to analyze gender inequalities in different fields, and therefore points to the need to include a gender perspective in all research areas. Although women have been the main focus group of feminism, it has to be noted that feminist theory is not about women alone. Feminist theory aims at studying gender relations, including both women and men, as they are both part of the social structure of society. It is believed that gender equality can only be reached if women and men are both involved as equal partners.
Theoretical Framework. When discussing agenda-setting and decision-making processes, the seminal work of Xxxxxxx (1984) regarding the Multiple-Streams Framework (MSF) is vital in understanding how policy changes can occur. Xxxxxxx’x MSF analyses agenda-setting in the US political system, making it an adequate analytical tool for the subject of this paper. Whilst this framework was initially developed for the US health and transport sector, its application has been widened to other sectors in the US (Rawat & Xxxxxx, 2016). MSF is now considered to be an adequate analytical tool that explains agenda-setting, decision-making and policy changes in public policy (Xxxxxxx, XxXxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, 2015). It is not only applicable in the US but has crossed borders to other political systems (Cairney & Xxxxx, 2016). 37 years after its development, the MSF has shown that it is still significant. This might be due to its universal adaptability to other policy areas or its general features. In this section, the theoretical backdrop of this study will be discussed in 2.1. In paragraph 2.2, it will discuss the MSF its utility and justify its use in this study. The subsections of paragraph 2.2 will specify the concepts of the MSF. The last paragraph will generate the theoretical expectations that stem from the theoretical framework.
Theoretical Framework. The TMSC has been useful in analyzing and understanding the effects of race on health disparities, particularly among African Americans (Xxxxx, 2008). Previous research conducted by X. X. Xxxxxxxx (1999) indicated that racism could directly and indirectly affect health by acting as an acute or chronic stressor (Xxxxx, 2008). Other research verified this conclusion by providing evidence that racism and cardiovascular reactivity are positively associated (Xxxxx, 2008). The model indicates that perception and coping styles can moderate the effect of these stressors on the physical and psychological well-being of the afflicted individual (Figure 1). Many studies using the TMSC framework (Folkman, 1984, 1997; Folkman & Lazarus, 1988) have lead to an increased awareness and appreciation of how caregivers appraise the effects of both the care recipients’ health status and the effects on them personally. Caregivers’ ability to accurately appraise their caregiving situation may mediate the effects of stress on their own health (Pot, Xxxx, Xxx Xxxx, & Xxxxxx, 1998). Not only does accurate appraisal affect the caregivers’ overall well being, but the caregivers’ ability to cope with their situation also affects their overall health and well- being. Realistic coping strategies serve to mediate stress (X. Xxxxxx, Balamurali, Selwood, & Xxxxxxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Katona, Orrell, & Xxxxxxxxxx, 2008; Ulstein, Wyller, & Engedal, 2008). Emotion-focused strategies, which promote avoidance or denial, are associated with higher levels of caregiver distress (Knight, Silverstein, McCallum, & Fox, 2000). Religious beliefs and practices, that are often noted as sources of strength in African American caregivers, provide meaning to the situation and are identified as effective coping strategies (Hebert, Dang, & Xxxxxx, 2007). A great deal of research has also been conducted on coping self-efficacy and its influence on caregiver health. Self-efficacy is defined as, “beliefs about personal ability to perform behaviors that bring desired outcomes” (Xxxxx, 2008). Xxxxxxxx et al. (2011) study specifically analyzed the effects of coping self-efficacy on IL-6, a protein that plays a role in inflammation. Results showed that “low coping self-efficacy was significantly related to IL-6” (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2011). Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx et al. (2015) also found that as caregiver self-efficacy (in relation to managing behavioral and psychological symptoms) increased, distress decreased. Addition...
Theoretical Framework. The Diffusion of Innovation Theory is used to understand the process of adopting a new behavior or innovation by an individual, community or organization. The theory considers various factors that influence adoption. Xx. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx popularized the theory in the 1940’s and it has been used to understand the acceptance of innovation, particularly within the technology sector. The theory is based on the concept that an idea or new technology spreads at different rates within a community until the idea, behavior or product is accepted or saturated (Rogers, 2003). Rogers (2003) explains that at first, early adopters are accepting of the idea, while the majority of the population is either unaware of the recent idea, behavior or product or too ambivalent to participate in its uptake. Information about the innovation spreads via the early adopteres, until a “xxxxxxxx xxxx” of adopters has been convinced to participate in or adopt the new behavior, technology or practice (Rogers, 2003). Rogers (2003) defined “diffusion” as the process of an innovation spreading through the channels of a community or social system over time. Rogers explained that there are five categories of adopters including: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards, as displayed in Figure 2 (2003). Innovators are the earliest to adopt and laggards are the last to adopt (Rogers, 2003).
Theoretical Framework. 2.1. Payments or rewards for environmental services’ paradigms and benefit distribution systems in REDD+
Theoretical Framework. 2.1. Previous twitter research Features Previous research binary (1) Previous research regression (2) Our research (binary + regression) Our research (binary + regression final model Table 1: Overview of different features
(1) Predicting Popular Messages in Twitter (Hong, 2011)
(2) Predicting the Audience Size of a Tweet (Xxxxxxxxx, 2013)
Theoretical Framework. A solid theoretical framework enables the researcher to identify existing biases about a study and facilitates data coding and interpretation (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2018). A theoretical framework is essential for making sense of descriptive data and debating and disseminating conclusions so that they may be applied to comparable locations and populations (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2018). The theoretical framework of this study is based on the idea that adaptive learning can be used to support gifted education by providing students with instruction that is tailored to their individual needs and abilities and by providing teachers with the necessary knowledge and skills to integrate technology into their teaching effectively. The constructivist theory of learning and the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) framework guide the theoretical framework. More specifically, the study will explore teachers' perceptions of adaptive learning in gifted education in light of the constructivist theory and TPCK frameworks in order to understand how adaptive learning can be used to support gifted students' learning and development. The following sections unpack the notions of these theories and will be used as lenses to interpret and make sense of teachers' experiences implementing adaptive learning in gifted education in the context of Kazakhstan.
2.5.1. Constructivism
Theoretical Framework. As a theoretical framework we recognize multiple scales and multiple incentive paradigms (commodification, compensation and co-investment), as introduced by van Noordwijk and Leimona (2010). Applicability, fairness and efficiency are the overarching concepts. The efficiency aspect can be seen as an exchange of a quantifiable environmental service for a negotiated financial flow, which can be expressed in different ways at different scale transitions under the different paradigms. The fairness aspect involves a social exchange of respect, image, knowledge and „free and prior informed consent‟ by sovereign decision makers, which can again be expressed in different ways at different scale transitions (Fig.
Figure 1. Conceptualization of the cross-scale exchanges in the „fairness‟ and „efficiency‟ domains of rewards for reducing emissions cause by land use change; we hypothesize that the applicability of co-investment (CIS), compensation (COS) and
