PROGRAMMER’S VIEWPOINT OF CONTRACTS Sample Clauses

PROGRAMMER’S VIEWPOINT OF CONTRACTS. FOR SESSIONS (1) a set of combinators for writing contracts; (2) a mechanism for associating contracts with the entities being monitored; (3) a labeling of the modules involved that narrows the source of the problem in case a contract violation is detected. In our setting, the definition let operator_chan = register operator_body operator_c "Operator" registers a new service channel operator_chan that can be used to initiate sessions with Operator. Registration links together three pieces of information: the body of the process that handles each session initiated with Operator (operator_body, omitted here), the contract that Operator claims to satisfy (operator_c), and a symbolic label that identifies Operator (the string "Operator"). The contract operator_c is defined as let operator_c = send_c any_c @@ send_c (flat_c (≠ 0)) @@ receive_c (flat_c (≥ 0)) @@ end_c and its structure reflects that of the protocol !int.!int.?int.end of the session it describes. Let us focus first on the four sub-contracts separated by @@ and built with the send_c, receive_c, and end_c combinators. As their name suggest, each of these indicates either an output or an input or the termination of the session. Both send_c and receive_c have an argument which is itself a contract describing the exchanged message: depending on whether the operation is an input or an output, the contract specifies a requirement or a guarantee for the message. So, the contract ≥ flat_c (≠ 0) is satisfied by any non-zero integer, flat_c ( 0) is satisfied by any non-negative integer, and any_c is satisfied by any value. Note that the contract is written from the viewpoint of a client of Operator, such as User. The combinator @@ plays the same role as the dot ‘.’ in session types and composes contracts sequentially: it indicates that the contract associated with the endpoint, and the specified constraints on the exchanged messages, vary after each interaction: Operator first accepts an arbitrary integer number, it then expects a non-zero number from the client, and it finally sends back a non-negative number. As it turns out, @@ is nothing but function application. Therefore, operator_c can be alternatively defined as send_c any_c (send_c (flat_c (≠ 0)) (receive_c (flat_c (≥ 0)) end_c)) We will keep using @@ in this section for the sake of readability. In the rest of the paper we will drop @@ and use parentheses to disambiguate the structure of contracts when necessary. The definitions let source_c = rece...
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PROGRAMMER’S VIEWPOINT OF CONTRACTS. FOR SESSIONS‌ In this section we provide a programmer’s viewpoint of contracts for sessions using the process networks depicted in Figure 1 as running examples. In these networks, the aim of module User is to obtain an element w resulting from two elements v1, v2 produced by Source and combined by Operator. For the sake of illustration, we assume that all the elements are integer numbers and that w = v1 mod v2. According to the network on the left-hand side of Figure 1, User establishes two sessions x and y with Source and Operator respectively, it forwards every element vi received from x on y, and receives the transformed element w from y. Session types allow us to formalize these protocols specifying the type, direction and order of messages exchanged within sessions. In this case, the session endpoints x and y owned by User are typed as x : ?int.?int.end and y : !int.!int.?int.end. In words, User uses x to receive two integer numbers and y to send two numbers and then to receive another one. What session types do not describe are additional requirements and guarantees concerning the content of exchanged messages. In this scenario, for example, it could be sensible to specify that the second number sent from User to Operator should be different from zero and that the number sent from Operator to User is non negative. Such specifications – hereafter called contracts – could be used to monitor, at runtime, the interaction between User and Operator so as to detect contract violations and, hopefully, to guide programmers to the source of the problem. The approach of Findler and Xxxxxxxxx [2002] to contract monitoring rests on three key ingredients: (1) a set of combinators for writing contracts; (2) a mechanism for associating contracts with the entities being monitored; (3) a labeling of the modules involved that narrows the source of the problem in case a contract violation is detected. In our setting, the definition let operator_chan = register operator_body operator_c "Operator" registers a new service channel operator_chan that can be used to initiate sessions with Operator. Registration links together three pieces of information: the body of the process that handles each session initiated with Operator (operator_body, omitted here), the contract that Operator claims to satisfy (operator_c), and a symbolic label that identifies Operator (the string "Operator"). The contract operator_c is defined as let operator_c = send_c any_c @@ send_c (flat_c (≠ 0))...
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