Economic factors. In making reductions in force, through the suspension of contracts, the Board shall proceed to suspend contracts in accordance with the provisions of O.R.C. § 3319.17, in this order:
Economic factors. The section aimed to investigate the perceived correlation between economic factors and extremist radicalisation. Broadly speaking, the answers provided by the students highlight that economic uncertainty and financial problems are considered some of the main drivers for people to embrace extremism. For about 83% of the respondents, not being able to satisfy their needs can lead to feel less important than the others. 70% of the students believe that perceived or real inequality in the labour market due to economic conditions can lead an individual to withdraw from society and eventually believe extremist narratives. Moreover, for 56% of the respondents, feeling excluded because of economic opportunities can encourage young people to join anti-systemic groups (31.8% gave a neutral answer). Therefore, answers concerning economic factors highlight that young people establish a connection between financial insecurity and economic inequality and potential processes of radicalisation.
Economic factors. Spain has experienced a balanced economic recovery in recent years; however, in 2020 the COVID- 19 crisis caused the country to experience an unprecedented recession in economic activity; with the deepest contraction among EU member states. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the containment measures still in place dragged down the economy in the first half of 2021, Spanish GDP is estimated to have grown by 5.7% during the year (IMF). Tourism-related activities have been the mainstay of the recovery and private demand has been the main driver of growth. Spain is expected to continue growing in 2022 (6.4%) and to return to its pre-pandemic level in early 2023. The EU Recovery and Resilience Plan is expected to boost both public and private investment, as household consumption should remain strong over the forecast period. Spain's public finances deteriorated rapidly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to contain its impact: in 2021, the general government deficit stood at 5.1% of GDP. As most of the measures will be phased out gradually, from 2022 the deficit should start to follow a downward trend (4.4% of GDP this year and 4.3% in 2023). Conversely, after rising by almost a quarter in 2020 (to 119.9%), the debt-to-GDP ratio increased only slightly in 2021 (120.2%) and is expected to fluctuate around 116% over the forecast horizon, thanks to sustained economic growth and containment of total current spending. Amid rising energy prices, headline inflation stood at 2.2% in 2021, despite some measures taken by the government (including the reduction in VAT rates). The sluggish Spanish labor market should help contain wages and inflationary pressures, so inflation is expected to moderate to 1.6% this year and to decline further to 1.4% in 2023 (IMF forecast). Existing part-time work schemes were strengthened to cope with the COVID-19 crisis. However, the pandemic widened inequalities in the labor market, and particularly affected young people, lower- skilled labor and temporary workers. Nevertheless, both the number of workers and the unemployment rate have roughly recovered to their pre-pandemic levels. The latter stood at 15.4% in 2021, but is expected to fall to 13.9% in 2023. Spain remains a country with strong inequalities: according to data from Spain's National Institute of Statistics, 26.4% of the population was at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2020, an increase of more than 620,000 people in one year as a consequence o...
Economic factors. Consumer spending on hurricane prevention items is questionable and could fluctuate in any economic condition. Shifts in consumer spending habits or a loss of disposable income due to adverse economic, political or other financial conditions could have a profound impact on the Company’s business. The Company’s ability to sell Hurricane Safety Systems is directly affected by the consumer’s belief that the Company’s products will mitigate personal property damage and whether they personally think they will be in the path of a destructive hurricane.
Economic factors. At the discretion of the Steering Committee, the Service Provider may be removed or replaced upon the commencement of insolvency proceedings involving the Service Provider which, if instituted against the Service Provider, are not dismissed within 90 days after the commencement thereof. Additionally, in the event a replacement service provider s identified by the Steering Committee which offers to provide the same or substantially similar terms and conditions as the Access Agreement for a price that is less than the current rates being offered by the Service Provider, then the Service Provider may be replaced by the affirmative vote of the Steering Committee (and the vote of the Members provided for in Section 8.4.2 below), provided that the Service Provider shall first be provided a reasonable opportunity to lower its rates to the rates offered by the potential replacement service provider.
Economic factors. This solution aims at achieving smart charging through non-intrusive and cheap systems. Therefore, from an economic point of view, it does not present any relevant limitations.
Economic factors. The battery saves on buying electricity from the public grid. If the price of buying electricity from the public grid is high, the payback period is shorter. This is valid for all countries. On Samsø the payback period should be 20 years or less. The lifetime of the PV panels is 30 years, while the lifetime of the battery is 15 years. A battery system is relatively expensive at the moment, but prices on both PV panels and batteries are expected to decrease in the coming years. In perhaps five years, the solution could be economically viable without subsidies. Keeping the battery temperature around 20℃, with the use of an air conditioning e.g., will prolong its lifetime.
Economic factors. There needs to exist an economic requirement for the intervention provided by this solution. For example, an opportunity cost as a result of lost revenue. The requirements for as big a business model compared to heating and hot water optimisation is not the same for EV charging, as the EV and the EV charger would typically already be present, minimising the requirement for capital expenditure. Currently the market is catching up to the ability and potential of smart chargers to balance the grid (I.e., 30-minutely agile tariffs). This trend could be adopted by more energy providers as one solution to realise this potential. Additional market mechanisms would be required to allow further incentivising of EV and smart charger adoption. During the length of the demonstrator in Orkney, the cost of second-hand EVs continued to drop; this was especially true in 2020/21. The rate of ownership in the county increased. If this had occurred during the recruitment phase of the project, this could have resulted in creased participant registered interest. In order for the solutions tested in Orkney be fully applicable in Orkney, there would need to be a means to the control platform both understanding the state of charge of the vehicle as well as when the vehicle is required; the two solutions tested in Orkney perform one of the two requirements. Also, there would need to exist a mechanism where the cost of the telematics was not passed to the vehicle owner. The solution demonstrated in Orkney will be directly translatable to other location/islands. As electric vehicles become wider spread, so will the chargers installed to support them. Solutions like those tested in Orkney are highly replicable. A social factor that must be accepted and minimised against is the possibility of a vehicle be without charge either because charge is being delayed for a particular scenario, or because the control platform has malfunctioned. This can be minimised through ensuring a minimum level of charge before optimisation, or an alert system to the vehicle owner. Another requirement to being part of this solution is having an EV and a smart charge. Both still have high entry price points. This makes the technologies less accessible to those with lower incomes. Furthermore, smart chargers are only available to those with off street parking, which high proportions of the population in Orkney, and the world, do not have access to. No social factors have significantly changed during the lengt...
Economic factors. In order for a load to have DSM functionality, there will typically need to be cost involved. This cost will either need to be covered by the party control the load, or by the owner of the load(s). This cost will only be covered with the return is greater. For aggregated domestic properties, where DSM loads are not fitted as standard, this is many individual costs that would be needed in each property. The aggregated load demonstrated in Orkney was a secondary heating system; operating in parallel to the properties existing and main heating system. As such, without financial payback or contribution towards energy costs, the homeowner would have higher energy costs. As such, the rebate mechanism used in conjunction with the aggregated load would be recommended. The economic factors relevant to such aggregators or industrial loads have not significantly changed since the beginning of the SMILE project in 2017. There already existed early mechanisms for large loads to be turned down/off to assist the grid. But there still does not exist a matured market for aggregator platforms. The aggregator demonstrated in Orkney is highly replicable, but from the years of testing the platform, the complexity of the equipment has significantly impacted the cost effectiveness of the platform. Because of this complexity the control equipment was not always proven to be reliable under test conditions. This translated into higher costs for every kW of DSM load.
Economic factors. For country-specific economic factors, we use measures of industrial development and total foreign currency reserves, as these variables could indicate SOEs’ economic motivations for global partnership. As for the industrial development, extant research suggests industrial diversification as the main motivation for government-led activities (e.g., Xxxx et al., 2008; Xxxxxxx and Xxxx, 2017). We, therefore, ask whether industry dissimilarity (“Industry Dissimilarity”) between the participant countries could motivate SOEs to pursue industry diversification through international alliances. We calculate the industry dissimilarity variable based on the square root of an equally-weighted sum of squared differences between two countries in the relative weights of each industry. The relative weight for each industry is calculated as the ratio of industry’s market capitalization to the total market capitalization in a given country in a given year.22 As an additional motivation, SOEs may target some strategic sectors, e.g., those with rich natural resources, in foreign countries (e.g., Bass and Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2014; Grøgaard, et al., 2019). In our empirical analysis, we use a measure indicating the level of development of the strategic sectors in the foreign partner’s countries (“Relative Weight of Foreigner’s Strategic Sector”). It is calculated as the weight of the strategic industries in the foreign partner’s country minus the world average weight of these strategic industries. As a measure of total foreign currency 21 The ownership restrictions score is based on an evaluation of whether foreign ownership of companies in the country in question is rare, and whether rules governing foreign direct investment are damaging and discourage FDI with lower values indicating more restrictions. In order to make interpretation easy, we transfer the sign of this score, where the higher value indicates more restrictions.
