CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. A number of WTO members, including developing country members, share the concerns about the adequacy and the fair implementation of rules governing trade remedies such as AD measures. AD measures have been invoked with increased frequency and by an increasing number of measures. Easy access to and increased dependence on such trade remedies will nullify the benefits of tariff reductions. Developing countries, like Pakistan are worried not just about the frivolous complaints but also the repeated AD charges against the same products. It is noteworthy that new investigations are initiated against the same products almost immediately after the conclusion of an earlier investigation. Moreover, when it is proved that AD duties have been imposed without sufficient justification and evidence, the country which has acted unjustly to blunt competition is not penalised and made to reimburse the affected exporters the duties collected from the AD moves. The WTO is silent on the issue, though it needs to be addressed urgently. While an AD measure is one of legitimate trade remedies permitted under current WTO regimes, due attention should be paid to avoid its abuse for protectionist purposes. Serious problems exist even if final duties are not imposed, such as the AD investigations entail huge burdens on respondents, and that restrictive effects on the trade of the countries in question are significant. The reasons of the above mentioned problems are, inter alia; (i) lack of appropriate implementation of the AD Agreement due to its ambiguous provisions; and (ii) insufficient disciplines in the relevant provisions of the AD Agreement to avoid inappropriate AD measures. As a pre-requisite of appropriate implementation, it is essential to eliminate ambiguities in relevant Articles in the Agreement, thus clarifying standards for judgement entrusted to the investigating authorities. This can prevent arbitrary usage and has the advantage of facilitating implementation when measures are truly necessary. Clarification of procedures and standards can contribute to preventing unjustified petitions or investigations as well. Some specific recommendations for Pakistan are as follows: • There is an urgent need to have domestic AD legislation at the earliest. • The AD Agreement does not adequately address the potential for the abuse of AD proceedings to harass exporters. There is a need to eliminate ambiguities in the relevant articles of the AD Agreement. These issues should be ra...
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 1. It is submitted that in order to disclose the concept of treaty it is possible to refer to the doctrine of international law, instruments of international law and national laws. There cannot be any inconsistencies between national laws and the instruments of international law with respect to the definition of the concept of treaty. Priority should be given to the concept of treaty provided in international instruments. Therefore on the basis of the theory of coordination between two legal systems a single concept of treaty should exist both in the law of treaties and national law.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. In this study no significant differences were found between the ECLIA and FIA methods. Both methods also show a very strong level of correlation and a good level of conformity. Suggestions for further research need larger samples.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. This chapter consist of two section. The first is conclusion which based on the research finding and discussions. The second section is suggestions which based on the conclusion purposed.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
